The Anti-tumor Effect And Implied Mechanism Of Carbon Nanospheres In Prostate Cancer

Background and Objective: Nanomaterials are widely used in the field of biomedical research.Carbon nanomaterials,which have developed rapidly for the past few years,have been used in the area of diagnosis and treatment of tumors.The carbon nanosphere(CNPs)is one of the carbon nanomaterials.Considering the availability of synthetic materials which price is low,and accumulation in the body specifically,they can be used as drugs and nucleic acid carriers which help to improve tissue targeting.However,the effects of carbon nanospheres on organisms have not been fully studied.The prevalence of prostate cancer remains high for the past few years.The main treatment of prostate cancer is surgery.Some carbon nanomaterials are mostly used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.There is no research to explain how CNPs affect prostate cancer.Therefore,it is necessary to discover the application of CNPs in tumor treatment.Methods and Results: In this study,glucose was used to synthesize CNPs in the glucose hydrothermal method.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)verified that the carbon nanospheres were uniformly distributed in size,with a particle size of about 450 nm.The zeta potential value of CNPs is around-30 m V.By using XRD and Raman spectra,we proved that CNPs we used were pure and exhibited a typical phase composition of carbon.Benign prostate epithelial cells BPH-1 was used as a noncancer control group in the CCK-8 assay.Combined with cell cycle results,we believe that CNPs arrest cells in the G1 phase and inhibit the proliferation,while there is no significant difference in the BPH-1 cells after the CNPs treatment.The concentration of 10?g/m L was used in the following study due to its better effect.By using Transwell and Wound healing,we found that CNPs inhibited migration and invasiveness in prostate cancer cells.Flow cytometry results suggested that CNPs induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.Western Blot experimental results showed that the stimulation of carbon nanospheres could increase the expression of Cleaved Caspase 3 after the treatment of CNPs when compared to the total Caspase3 expression in prostate cancer cells.The expression of LC3 increased while the expression of SQSTM1 decreased after stimulated by CNPs,and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)results showed that CNPs stimulation increases the number of autophagosomes.With these results,we concluded that CNPs induce autophagy and apoptosis in PCa cells.To study how CNPs promote autophagy and apoptosis,multifactor detection for Akt phosphorylation single pathway was used,which indicated that the CNPs induced downregulation of 4E-BP1 in both prostate cancer cells.By using Western Blot,we proved that CNPs reduced the expression of 4EBP1.Furthermore,we once again confirmed that the CNPs inhibited the proliferation,metastasis,and invasion of prostate cancer,down-regulated 4E-BP1,and promoted autophagy and apoptosis in vivo.Conclusion: CNPs induced anticancer effects including inhibition of growth,proliferation,metastasis,and invasion in PCa cells in vivo and in vitro.CNPs induced apoptosis and autophagy and downregulated 4E-BP1 expression were observed in PCa.Overall,our finding may be a translational approach by a lead prototype agent in the treatment of prostate cancer by using CNPs.