| In this study,based on the problems such as inadequate performance of high yield potential in present millet cultivars,less recurring of high yield examples found in small areas in other regions,low utilizing efficiency of water and fertilizers,taking the millet hybrid cultivar Zhangza10 as material tested in the years of 2016 and 2017,5 factors including applying amounts of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,horizontal applying distance,and applying depth were selected,rotational combination design with five-factor five-level quadratic response regression was explored.The objects of this study is to find the best combination of applying sites and fertilizer supply of Zhangza10 in Jinzhong region in Shanxi,probe the principle and effect of different applying proportion,amount,and sites on agricultural traits,accumulation and transportation of dry matters,photosynthetic traits,yield components,and water-fertilizer utilizing efficiency.The jobs mentioned above provides theoretic foundation for further development of simplified cultivation,strengthens research on factors restricting yield of hybrid millet in the main production regions and present conditions of resource utilization,supplies scientific foundations for establishment of integration technology for large-area of sustainable yield increase and high-efficiency utilization of resources provincially and nationally.The results are as following:1.Yield had extremely significantly positively correlated with grains per ear and 1000-grain weight,and had significantly positively correlated with ears per unit area.All of Nitrogen fertilizer,phosphorus fertilizer,potassium fertilizer,horizontal distance,and depth had extremely significantly effect on yield,and the effecting degree was Nitrogen >phosphorus >potassium>horizontal distance> depth.Nitrogen had significantly effect on grains per ear,phosphorus had extremely significantly effect on ears per unit area and significantly effect on 1000-grain weight,and potassium had extremely significantly effect on mature ears and grains per ear and significantly effect on 1000-grain weight.Horizontal distance,and depth had significantly effect on ears per unit area and grains per ear.Interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus had significantly effect on yield.Interaction of Nitrogen and potassium had significantly effect on grains per ear,1000-grain weight and yield.Interaction of phosphorus >potassium had significantly effect on ears per unit area.2.Four agricultural traits in heading stage such as main stem height,main stem thickness,tiller number,and leaf area coefficient had strong correlation with yield,so did three agricultural traits in mature stage such as spike length,spike thickness,and spikelet number.These traits can be used as the crucial indexes measuring economical yield of the millet hybrid cultivar Zhangza10,the correlational order between the indexes and economical yield was as following: leaf area coefficient > main stem height >spike length > main stem thickness > spikelet number > spike thickness > tiller number.Horizontal distance,depth,and interaction of applying fertilizers of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium had impact on growth and development of Zhangza10.Appropriate fertilizer applying and proportion could coordinate agricultural traits,adjust individual growth and development,and optimize population structure.Appropriate fertilizer applying position had compensation and adjustment for fertilizers,but the function was within a certain range.3.Higher yield of Zhangza10 attributed to advantage of total biomass and better grain filling,which suggested increase of photosynthetic production in the seed formation period was the crucial method to improve economical yield.In term of affect on accumulation of matters,Nitrogen> phosphorus >potassium,and in term of affect on transportation of matters,potassium > phosphorus >Nitrogen.Nitrogen and phosphorus had significant effect on accumulation of dry matter in the whole breeding period,and the influence degree was as following: phosphorus > Nitrogen（before jointing）and nitrogen >phosphorus（after jointing）.Application of potassium improved accumulation of dry matter in the late breeding period and coordinated accumulation and allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus,which helping increase transportation rate of dry matter.In term of affect on accumulation of matters,horizontal distance >depth,and in term of affect on accumulation of transportation of matters,depth >horizontal distance.Horizontal distance and depth had effect on accumulation amounts of matters in the late breeding period.Appropriate horizontal distance,depth,and sites of applying fertilizers facilitated acceleration of accumulation of dry matter after blooming.4.Horizontal distance,depth,and interaction of applying fertilizers of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium had impact on chlorophyll content,photosynthetic parameter,and chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics parameter of Zhangza10.The indexes such as chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,Intercellular CO2 concentration,relative electron transfer rate,actual photochemical quantum yield,photochemical quenching,non chemical quenching firstly increased then deceased as horizontal distance and depth increased.Appropriate sites,amounts,and proportion of applying fertilizers coordinated individual growth and development,optimized population structure,facilitated sufficient utilization of resources such as light,heat,water,and fertilizers in leaves,united harvested light and light utilization rate,and synchronously increased photosynthetic efficiency and yield.5.The economical effectiveness,water-fertilizer utilization efficiency and effectiveness of millet had response to change of sites and fertilizers.Nitrogen fertilizers had the best economical effectiveness,yield-increase effect of fertilizer,partial productivity of fertilizer,proportion of yield to fertilizer application,water utilization efficiency.Phosphorus fertilizers had the second effect on the indexes mentioned above and potassium fertilizers had the least effect.Compared with partial productivity of fertilizer,yield effect and investment-production ration could be more appropriate indexes evaluating fertilizer’s function.Both of horizontal distance and depth could have yield effect which could be quantized in a model.Rational allocation of applying sites,fertilizer proportion,and applying amounts simultaneously cared high yield of crops,high efficiency of fertilizers,and high economical effectiveness.The best combination of millet yield,economical effectiveness,and efficiency of fertilizers was as following: In the years of sufficient precipitation,16.78～18.73cm of horizontal applying distance,21.28～23.73cm of applying depth,225.75～237.98kg of Nitrogen per hectare,129.15～142.79kg of P2O5 per hectare,94.50～100.80kg of K2O per hectare,the ration of N:P2O5: K2O was 2.37:1.39:1.In the years of insufficient precipitation,15.53～17.82cm of horizontal applying distance,20.33～21.75cm of applying depth,218.48～225.53kg of Nitrogen per hectare,137.52～148.23 of P2O5 per hectare,95.00～100.89kg of K2O per hectare,the ration of N:P2O5: K2O was 2.27:1.46:1.The best combination of millet water utilization efficiency was as following: In the years of sufficient precipitation,17.43～19.76cm of horizontal applying distance,20.76～23.62cm of applying depth,181.80～207.30kg of Nitrogen per hectare,117.63～132.71kg of P2O5 per hectare,90.45～100.80kg of K2O per hectare,the ration of N:P2O5:K2O was 2.03:1.31:1.In the years of insufficient precipitation,15.99～18.08cm of horizontal applying distance,18.94～21.06cm of applying depth,176.85～202.80kg of Nitrogen per hectare,127.22～142.79kg of P2O5 per hectare,90.23～106.65kg of K2O per hectare,the ration of N:P2O5: K2O was 1.93:1.37:1. |
