Exploration Of The Origin And Expression Mechanism Of "Mountain-River-City" Pattern In The Tectonic Of China’s Landscape

The planning,design,and construction of the human settlement not only depend on the advancement of science and technology,but also need the embodiment of culture and the inheritance of history.How to organically integrate Chinese traditional culture with urban construction and create a city landscape with regional characteristics is a question that Chinese landscape architects need to answer and solve in the new era.This article draws on the archaeology of Michel Foucault and the historical project of Manfredo Tafuri as a methodology and examines Dr.Qian’s "Shan-Shui City" thought.Through the idea of establishing a pedigree,combined with archaeological excavation results,RS image interpretation,document combing and design analysis,the origin and expression mechanism of "mountain-river-city" pattern in the tectonic of China’s landscape were initially explored.It clarified the specific expression of cultural DNA in the construction of China’s "mountain-river-city" landscape and summarized the historical evolution pattern.An empirical analysis of Beijing and related domestic cities was also conducted.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Derived from the concept of DNA in molecular biology,cultural DNA is likewise replicable.The shaping of cultural landscape follows the process of"cultural DNA,planning and design,spatial form,and then to the cultural landscape".Cultural DNA instructs the planning and design practices from ancient China,so we can see landscapes that are of the same origins but a magnificent and changeful prospect.However,the specific performance of cultural DNA will be slightly different.(2)Through the budding philosophical achievements in early Qin dynasty and the new archaeological discoveries of the early Chinese astronomy achievements,the connotation of the cultural DNA of"mountain-river-city" landscape is summarized.It includes the spatial composition under the overall view from an eastern holistic perspective,the culture of Yin(阴)and Yang(阳),and the axis-centred layout and diversification.In the exploration of cultural DNA attributes and values,it is believed that the Chinese cosmology is the root,the holistic view of system thinking is the inherent attribute,worship of "Zhong(中)"is the physical expression,and harmony is the ultimate goal.The cultural DNA has the expression of the landscape culture built in the ancient Chinese capital,reflects the persistence of the regional cultural characteristics in the challenge of globalization,and presents the history and era choices of Chinese planning concepts.(3)Through the establishment of a pedigree,the cultural DNA expression of the "mountain-river-city"landscape in different periods was explored.A series of "capital" surveys,from the relics of Shuanghuaishu in Yangshao culture to Xia,Shang and Xi-Zhou Dynasties,from Qin and Han Empires to the Jin,Yuan,Ming,and Qing Empires,proved that cultural DNA permeates tectonics in China’s landscape of the Mountain-River-City pattern.From the relics of Chengtoushan and Shuanghuaishu in Yangshao culture,and the relics of Shijiahe and Liangzhu in Longshan culture,cultural DNA is only partially reflected in the early landscape.After the birth of the wide-area princely state represented by Xia,Shang and Xi-Zhou Dynasties,cultural DNA was initially reflected in the landscape.With the advent of the imperial era,the landscape has a comprehensive expression of cultural DNA.(4)Based on the pedigree combing,the pattern evolution of China’s landscape and the gradual change of central axis are summarized.From Beibin pattern,Erlitou pattern,Yongcheng pattern,Xianyang pattern,to Yecheng pattern,it was found that the construction of the landscape was in different dynasties,and the details were slightly different.But overall,it is the relationship between inheritance and development.The"capitals" of all dynasties have expressed their cultural DNA during the"mountain-river-city" pattern in the tectonic of China’s landscape.The site selection and tectonic of Beibin in a document is by far the earliest and most detailed case that can be found.The landscape pattern of Erlitou ruins in Yanshi City is highly similar to that of Huannan-Dayi ruins in Anyang City,which shows the cultural inheritance and reference of of Xia and Shang Dynasties.Due to the need for defense,the tribes along the Yellow River in Dong-Zhou Dynasty had mutual learning experiences in the construction of the "mountain-river-city"landscape.The source of this pattern comes from Yongcheng.After absorbing the Xianyang pattern and the Yecheng pattern,the landscape tectonic of the capital during the imperial period was a comprehensive copy and further enhancement.(5)Through empirical analysis of Beijing and related cities,this paper argues that the cultural DNA has influenced the landscape tectonic in ancient Beijing and that the expressions of cultural DNA can also be found in the landscape tectonic practice in China today.For example,the Olympic Project and Beijing Sub-center,New Beichuan,Xiong’an New Area and other cities.Its ultimate goal is to show cultural selfconfidence and reflect the landscape of the new era of historical heritage,civilization tolerance,and era innovation.This article explores the origin and expression mechanism of the "mountain-river-city" pattern in the tectonic of China’s landscape and finds that the cultural DNA is based on traditional Chinese philosophy.It has been reflected in the long-term historical landscape construction and today’s planning and design practices.Compared with the predetermined genetic pattern of biological DNA duplication,cultural DNA determines the path,direction,type and morphological characteristics of Chinese cultural landscape,which has important reference and value for the establishment of a new era of planning value system.