| From the 1220 s and 1230 s to the 1270 s and 1280 s,in the Southern Song struggle against Yuan army’s attack on Sichuan,several city defenses are built in the steep mountains along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River with Chongqing as the center,including Hechuan Diaoyu City and Jiange Kuzhuai,Jiading City,Jintang Yunding City,Luzhou Shenbi City,Kuizhou Baidi City,Wanzhou Tiansheng City,etc.,forming a strict network defense system that crushed Mong and Yuan army’s strategic attempt of first occupying the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,and then going downstream to eliminate Southern Song Dynasty.These city defense sites with extremely high historical,scientific and artistic value have the potential characteristics of world cultural landscape heritage.However,the current research on anti-Yuan city defense in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River is mostly carried out on single cities,failing to grasp its system characteristics.There is a small amount of research on the overall urban defense system,but lacking strong integral theory as support.This paper takes "cultural landscape" as the field of vision,and follows the concept of "series heritage" in the world heritage to summarize the 42 mountain cities with definite historical records and identifiable location as "anti-Yuan mountain city defense system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River”.By grasping the essential feature,namely: the result of mutual interaction between human behavior and the natural environment,it will provide theoretical support for the systematic protection of the anti-Yuan city defense system heritage in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River.First,the paper explores the value of multi-perspective research on cultural landscape.By sorting the existing concepts and types of cultural landscapes,this paper constructs a cultural landscape research framework of "motif-dimension-type",summarizes the importance of architecture in different types of cultural landscapes,discusses feasibility of cultural landscape research from construction perspective,and analyzes characteristics and shortcomings of the existing cultural landscape research,thereby proposing cultural landscape research from construction perspective.Second,it clarifies the geographical scope and selection criteria of anti-Yuan mountain cities in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River,drafts a list of anti-Yuan mountain cities in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River,sorts out the name,location,historical evolution and main urban defense relics of the mountain cities in the system,thus fully reproducing anti-Yuan mountain city defense system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River.Through analysis,it is found that it possesses type characteristics of compound cultural landscape heritage of military facilities,and military struggle behavior,natural environment and construction technology are the main driving forces for its development and evolution.The coordination between Southern Song regular army and civilian self-defense force jointly promotes the continuous evolution of this cultural landscape.Third,it analyzes the relevance between the construction of anti-Yuan mountain city defense system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River and spatial and temporal distribution of Song and Yuan wars.The relevance between mountain city system and distribution of the main transportation network is analyzed from two aspects: Mountain city system pattern and main city defense points.In addition,it proposes the concept of “defense central place”with reference to “central place” theory in geology,and uses this concept to analyze the interior hierarchical structure of the city defense system.On this basis,it analyzes multi-center cluster characteristics of the system from the distance and scale of city defense,summarizes the relevance between the anti-Yuan mountain city defense system on the upper Yangtze River and anti-Yuan war,natural environment in spatial and temporal distribution.Fourth,it analyzes the regional environment for construction of anti-Yuan city defense in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River and the main factors affecting and technological characteristics of the era.Combining the literature and archaeological discoveries of the city defense construction in the Southern Song Dynasty,it discusses regional and era characteristics of the city defense facilities in layout,structure and material,discusses the characteristics of supporting facilities including water sources and religious relics in the anti-Yuan city defense,thus revealing the interaction between the human cultural activity of city defense construction and technical characteristics of the Southern Song Dynasty as well as natural environment of the Sichuan Gorge area.Through the above research,this paper draws the following conclusions: the main purpose of cultural landscape research is large-scale,dynamic,material and non-material integration of nature and culture.The research dimensions cover time,space,function and power.Research on cultural landscape from construction perspective will broaden the horizons and methods of research on basic issues of the discipline of architecture,supplementing,refining and increasing identifiability of cultural landscapes.The spatial and temporal distribution of anti-Yuan mountain city system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River is closely related to war behavior and major transportation networks.The city defense construction has unique regional and advanced era characteristics;the anti-Yuan mountain city system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River is the result of mutual interaction between human behavior,that is,anti-Yuan struggle in the Southern Song Dynasty,and the natural environment,namely the unique landscape system of Sichuan.The cultural landscape presented by anti-Yuan city defense system is an outstanding manifestation of the mutual interaction between human culture and the natural environment.This is also where peculiarity of this city defense system lies.This paper takes cultural landscape as the field of vision,and puts forward a research framework of "motif-dimension-type" to reveal the mutual interaction between human and nature contained in the cultural landscape of military facilities.It conforms to the development trend of contemporary world heritage,coincides with the characteristics of anti-Yuan city defense system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River,and creates a new perspective for understanding the overall value of the research object.In addition,the paper incorporates the city defense system into in the struggle against Yuan in the Southern Song Dynasty and the natural environment of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in consideration,proposes and applies the concept of "military defense central place",qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics,sorts the latest archaeological data and summarizes city defense construction characteristics.By combining topography,geomorphology and historical documents,it comprehensively summarizes the regional and era characteristics,and innovatively reveals the spatial and temporal distribution of the anti-Yuan city defense system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River,as well as the law and mechanism of city defense construction.This paper broadens ideas and methods for further in-depth study of the anti-Yuan city defense system in the Southern Song Dynasty on the upper Yangtze River as a world cultural landscape heritage,which has important theoretical value and practical significance. |
