Regulatory Scale And Technical Instruments Of The City Of New York Zoning Maps And Resolutions 1961

During 30 years of the legalization process of China’s regulatory plan,the issues about the regulatory plan’s adaptability,roles and regulatory techniques have been widely discussed.In the establishment of territorial spatial planning system,to meet the requirement of the modernization of territorial governance system and capacity,in the background of the transition from increment planning to inventory planning,the management techniques of planning and development control in China has faced massive challenges.It is important to explore how to promote the scientificity,practicality and authority of these management techniques.The U.S.zoning has been practiced for over a century.The zoning techniques have been promoted to many regions worldwide with different institutions and development backgrounds,which demonstrates its adaptability and effectiveness.The management techniques and index system of China’s regulatory plan have borrowed a lot from the U.S.zoning,meanwhile,they have been evolved based on the localized cognition and redevelopment.The analysis of the management techniques of regulatory plan reveal that some key indexes in the zoning system have not been introduced to China’s regulatory plan,or have been misinterpreted in the researches in China and taken different control functions leading to different control effects.Hence,it is meaningful to comprehensively review the management instruments and the logic of techniques of zoning in order to provide recommendations for the improvement of the regulatory plan’s management techniques.Zoning is common in the development control institutions of the local governments in the U.S.,and has a wide variety.As the first city applying comprehensive zoning,New York City has complicated and diverse urban space.The city’s development has proved the effectiveness and adaptability of its zoning techniques.The City of New York,Zoning Maps and Resolution 1961(the 1961 Resolution)is the important transition and the foundation of the existing zoning resolution.It provided the one-map system,a comprehensively-amended text structure and creative technical instruments,namely floor area ratio,open space ratio,use groups and incentive zoning,which is valuable to the research of modern zoning management techniques and logic.With the methods of historic,literature and comparative research,based on the translation of the full texts of the 1961 Resolution,this thesis analyses the regulatory scale and technical instruments of the 1961 Resolution,clarifies the definitions of its indexes and regulations,comprehensively discusses their technical logic,understands the correlation between the control concepts,principles,targets,regulatory scale,indexes and regulations,explores the logic and theory of the control indexes and techniques.Combined with the issues of China’s regulatory plan,it intends to provide adaptive and creative recommendations for the improvement of China’s regulatory plan,beyond the method of simply copying and the differences between the institutions of China and the U.S.The main body of this thesis is divided into three parts.The first part introduces the development background,characteristics,legislative intent,control scopes,regulatory scale,zoning system and text structure,which provides the basic materials of background,framework and concepts for understanding the technical instruments of the 1961 Resolution.Meanwhile,its history and the development issues accommodated by its revolutionary technical instruments reveal the practical significance of the 1961 Resolution.The second part contains Chapter 3 to 6,respectively analyses four control elements of the 1961 Resolution,namely use,bulk,sign and parking.Each chapter follows a similar structure: the description of the targets and concept evolvement,the analysis of the framework and regulatory scale,the explanation of the definition of specific indexes and regulations,the analysis of the technical logic,including the target-scale-index-regulation relationship,the correlation between different technical instruments and the assignment logics of indexes,the comparation with relative practice in China and the recommendation for China’s planning management and development control.Chapter 7 is the last part.Based on the comparative perspective,it demonstrates New York zoning’s characteristics as a “self-executing” institution,explains its enforcement and discretionary mechanism,and suggests the experience for the discretionary mechanism of China’s regulatory plan.Based on the multi-dimensional,systematic,comprehensive analysis of a complete local zoning regulation,this paper focus on the correlation and the transmission mechanism among the planning and management objectives,the regulatory scale,the technical instruments,the index system and the index values in the “one-map” comprehensive zoning system.Through comparison,it provides recommendations for the technical instruments of planning management and development control in China.