Study On The Pottery Making Technology Of Neolithic Age In Liaoxi Area

Neolithic pottery in western Liaoning has distinct regional characteristics,and the research on pottery typology has made fruitful achievements,but there is no systematic and comprehensive research on pottery production technology.By using the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods of literature research,observation and analysis,scientific and technological detection and mathematical statistics,this paper studies the pottery raw materials,forming and finishing methods,pottery shape characteristics,surface decoration techniques and pottery firing techniques of Xinglongwa culture,Zhaobaogou culture,Hongshan Culture and Xiaoheyan culture from multiple angles,and divides the specialized production organizations of Neolithic pottery into four types.This paper analyzes the specialization degree of pottery production in different cultural periods from two aspects of direct evidence and indirect evidence,and preliminarily expounds the development and changes of social production in the Neolithic Age in western Liaoning.This paper makes a systematic study of the Neolithic pottery making technology in western Liaoning for the first time with mature analytical methods.In addition,by defining the connotation of the Neolithic pottery production organization and clarifying the elements of direct evidence and indirect evidence,it provides a new idea for analyzing the degree of specialization of pottery production.The chemical composition of 321 pieces of pottery samples was detected by X-ray fluorescence analyzer.The characteristics of raw materials of different periods,different types of pottery and different colors of pottery were analyzed by principal component analysis.The results show that the raw materials used in the pottery samples are ordinary fusible clay.The results show that the raw materials for pottery making at Chahai site of Xinglongwa culture are relatively poor;the pottery at Qiaotou site of Xiaoheyan culture has made significant progress in the processing of raw materials compared with Zhaobaogou culture in this area;the same kind of clay is used for the sand pottery and clay pottery at Weijiawopu site of Hongshan culture;the clay red pottery cylinder at Niuheliang site and Banlashan cemetery,and the clay red pottery and clay pottery from Banlashan cemetery.The Yellow pottery cylinder is made of different materials.In the pottery samples,feldspar group,amphibole group,pyroxene group and mica are the main mixed materials with large particles and obvious characteristics.Based on the research results of Geology and mineralogy,the origin of pottery is preliminarily determined by comparison.The results show that the raw materials for pottery making in Chahai site,Niuheliang site and Banlashan cemetery are all local materials,and pottery making is also completed near the origin of raw materials.Through observation and analysis,literature review and other methods,this paper studies the forming and finishing methods of pottery in different cultural periods.The results show that Xinglongwa cultural pottery is mainly formed by the methods of clay ring connection,mold wrapping,and kneading,and the connection between the wall and the bottom is basically by the method of wall wrapping the bottom.Zhao baogou cultural pottery is mostly made of clay snares,mainly by upright construction method,and most of the objects have the phenomenon of wall covering the bottom.Hongshan culture pottery adopts a variety of molding methods,such as clay ring connection,clay bar plate construction,molding method and kneading method,and the ceramic art has made high achievements.The pottery of Xiaoheyan culture is hand-made,which is mainly made by the method of clay strip and plate construction,and some of the pottery is also trimmed by slow wheel.The main methods of green body finishing are beating,scraping,wet hand smoothing,rolling,mud application,slow wheel finishing,etc.the main finishing tools are mussel,bone,stone,sand ceramic,etc.The diameter,bottom diameter and height of 595 cylindrical cans and 259 bowls are analyzed by mathematical statistics.The results show that the calibre and bottom diameter,calibre and through height of cylindrical tanks in each cultural period follow a certain proportion,and the structural relationship presents a relatively stable state.The cylindrical tanks show different shape characteristics in different cultural periods.Xinglongwa culture is mainly small open inclined straight wall deep belly cylindrical tanks,while Zhaobaogou culture is mainly open inclined arc wall shallow belly cylindrical tanks In Hongshan culture,most of them are big mouth inclined arc wall shallow belly cylindrical tanks,and both open mouth and closed mouth are common.In Xiaoheyan culture,most of them are small mouth inclined arc belly cylindrical tanks.Although the structural relationship of bowl is not as regular as that of cylindrical pot,it also has different characteristics in different cultural periods.Most of Xinglongwa culture is open deep belly bowl,most of Zhaobaogou culture is inclined arc belly bowl,most of Hongshan culture is big shallow belly bowl,and most of Xiaoheyan culture is big mouth bowl,with half of folding shoulder bowl.Through literature review,observation and analysis,this paper studies the decorative techniques of pottery in different cultural periods.The results show that the pottery of Xinglongwa culture mainly has two kinds of decoration:the Yin pattern and the Yang pattern.The decoration is mostly divided into three sections.In the late period,the vertical and horizontal lines are common.Zhao baogou cultural pottery is mainly decorated with Yin patterns,which can be divided into single-layer,double-layer and composite patterns.The pottery of Hongshan Culture adopts the decorative forms of Yin pattern,Yang pattern and painted pottery.The surface of the pottery is covered with two thirds of the body.The painted pottery decoration is a geometric pattern drawn in red and black.The pottery of Xiaoheyan culture adopts the decorative forms of Yin pattern,Yang pattern and painted pottery.The Yin pattern is usually decorated with the rope pattern of patting and printing,and the painted pottery is decorated with both geometric patterns and animal patterns.By means of X-ray diffraction analysis and high-performance micro area x-ray fluorescence spectrum scanning,the red pottery coat and pigment of Hongshan culture pottery were analyzed.The results show that the main color phase of red pottery coat is Fe₂O₃,and the content of Mn O in red pottery coat with rich color is relatively high.The red pigment is hematite or magnetite,and the black pigment is a mixture of manganese ore and iron ore.With the help of thermal analyzer,the firing temperature of Neolithic pottery samples in western Liaoning was tested;according to the excavated materials and pottery samples,the characteristics of pottery kilns in western Liaoning and the firing atmosphere in different periods were analyzed.The results show that there is little difference in the highest firing temperature of pottery in different cultural periods,but the theoretical firing temperature range of pottery is larger.Hongshan culture pottery kiln has distinctive local characteristics,such as the earth rock structure of kiln chamber,the application of grass and mud on the kiln wall,the stone kiln column,the double fire chamber with two chambers,and the stone grate on the kiln column.The pottery of Xinglongwa culture and Zhaobaogou culture is mostly fired in oxidizing atmosphere,and the surface of the pottery is often yellow brown,black brown,red brown and other colors.In Hongshan Culture and Xiaoheyan culture,the sand mixed grey pottery and argillaceous grey pottery are fired in reducing atmosphere,and the fire is generally high.Due to the different reducing atmosphere and holding time,the surface of the pottery presents different colors,such as dark gray,light gray,gray brown and so on.By defining the connotation of Neolithic pottery production organization,the professional production organization is divided into four types:family industry,individual workshop,centralized workshop and professional workshop.The elements of direct evidence and indirect evidence for analyzing the degree of specialization of pottery production are clarified and applied research is carried out.The results show that the pottery production in Xinglongwa culture period was completed by each household in the residential area,the products were mainly practical pottery,the pottery production technology was simple and primitive,there were obvious differences in the standardization degree of different periods and different types of pottery,the regional production diversity was obvious,and the specialization degree of pottery production would not be higher than that of family industry stage.During the period of Zhaobaogou culture,there were special pottery makers,whose products were mainly practical pottery,but also a small number of prominent pottery.Pottery production should be completed in special places in the settlement.The degree of standardization of ceramic products is relatively high,and more exquisite products reflecting higher technical level are produced,which should enter the stage of individual workshop production.During the Hongshan culture period,pottery making was a collective work activity within the clan.There were special places for pottery making,and the producers were skilled craftsmen.It should be the stage of concentrated workshop production because of its exquisite pottery making technology,high level of pottery making technology and advanced pottery production equipment and facilities.In the late Hongshan culture,the production of barrel shaped ware showed obvious specialization,reflecting a higher degree of specialization,which can be classified as the products of professional workshops.The pottery production of Danangou cemetery has used slow wheel and other tools,the technical level is relatively high,and the standardization degree of cylindrical cans has also been improved,which should not be lower than the stage of centralized workshop production.It is impossible to judge whether there is a professional workshop due to the limited materials at present.