Development And Functional Evaluation Of Enriched Wheat Flour For Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome(MS)has become a global health problem due to high-energy diets and sedentary lifestyle.MS is a cluster of metabolic risk factors,including insulin resistance,hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia,hypertension and abdominal obesity.MS causes a marked increase in the risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.MS is highly related with refined carbohydrate intake.The present study utilized the main functional components in by-product from food refining process to enrich wheat flour,which rarely affects the quality of wheat flour and on the other hand could enhance its functionality.MS rat model induced by high-fat-fructose diet was used to investigate the intervention effect of enriched flour.The present study also investigated the stability of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)rat model induced by high-fat diet combined with low dose streptozotocin(STZ)injection.The main results are as follows:(1)Intervention effect of phytosterol,y-oryzanol,ferulic acid,and puerarin enriched 90 wheat flour on MS in rats.Ferulic acid and puerarin enriched flour showed the most comprehensive and outstanding effects in ameliorating MS.Significantly controlled body weight and body fat accumulation,improved glucose intolerance,dyslipidemia,insulin resistance,hepatic lipid accumulation,oxidative stress et al.were found in these two groups.γ-Oryzanol enriched flour could only significantly improve dyslipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance.Phytosterol enriched flour showed limited effects in preventing MS,which was only beneficial in improving insulin resistance and lowering blood uric acid.(2)Intervention effect of formulated 90 wheat flour on MS in rats.Beside the functional compounds in the first part,wheat germ was also added to the formulated wheat flour.Compared with whole wheat flour,formulated flour could significantly intervene the development of MS in rats,with reduced insulin resistance,glucose intolerance,hepatic lipid accumulation,hyperlipidemia et al.The formulated flour was significantly better than whole wheat flour in improving glucose intolerance,hepatic lipid accumulation,and serum TG level.(3)Intervention effect of araboxylan(AX)and xylooligosaccharide(XOS)enriched 75 wheat flour on MS in rats.AX and XOS were added to wheat flour respectively according to the suggested dose in human.Results showed that AX enriched flour exerted more comprehensive and better effect than XOS enriched flour in preventing MS.Whereas XOS enriched flour poorly regulated body weight,glucose intolerance,insulin resistance et al.(4)Intervention effect of formulated 75 wheat flour on MS in rats.Formulated 75 wheat flour was enriched using phytosterol,γ-oryzanol,ferulic acid,AX and XOS.Compared with the 75 flour enriched with the original formula in Chapter 3,the new formulated flour showed better effects in ameliorating MS.(5)The stability of a T2DM rat model induced by high-fat diet with low dose STZ injection.Rats were injected with STZ with the dose of 25 mg/kg after 8 weeks of high-fat diet.Then rats were fed with normal diets or high-fat diets for 4 weeks.Results showed that rats with 25 mg/kg STZ followed by normal diet-feeding showed normalized blood glucose level and pancreatic structure,indicating that normal chow might recover certain symptoms of type 2 diabetes.Continuing high-fat diet also caused significantly reduced blood glucose level,which indicated that further studies are needed to for a more stable T2DM model.