Researches On The Development Of Biology Textbooks Of Modern University In China (1902-1949)

In the mid-late 19th century,western biology was introduced into China on a large scale with the gradually in-depth of the second Western learning spreading to the East,and some new schools also began to carry out biological education.In 1902,The normal school in Jing Shi College opened the first courses of botany,zoology,and physiology,which gave birth to the earliest batch of biology textbooks in modern China.In the following decades,university biology textbooks have gone from singulation to systematization,and from foreignization to localization.This article is divided into seven chapters.Chapter One is introduction,which mainly introduces the research background and its significance,clarifies the research scope,introduces the research contents,and comprehensively analyzes the relevant research in the current academic circles,and points out the feasibility and value of this article;In addition,related research methods,thought,and innovations in the paper are also introduced.Chapter Two discusses the introduction of Western biology in the late Qing Dynasty and the emergence of new textbooks.In the 1860s,the Peking Tungwen College began to translate Western biological works,opened the way for the independent compilation of textbooks,and opened the prelude to the compilation and translation of biological textbooks.At the same time,the missionary school founded by foreign missionaries not only took the lead in carrying out modern biology education,but also introduced many biology textbooks from abroad,laying an important foundation for the introduction of university biology textbooks.Chapter Three discusses the germination of biology higher education in the late Qing Dynasty and the emergence of university textbooks.At the beginning of the 20^th century,with the educational reform of the Qing government,higher education in biology began to develop.Local universities began to translate and introduce biological textbooks based on Japanese textbooks,such as"Botany Textbook","Animal Textbook"and"Physiology Textbook",etc.Church Universities introduced and translated biological textbooks based on European and American textbooks,such as"Essentials of Entomology"and"Botany Textbook",etc.During this period,the biology textbooks used by local universities or church universities were relatively shallow and simple,lacking hierarchy and systemicness.Chapter Four discusses the development of higher education in biology and use of university textbooks in the early period of the Republic of China.After the establishment of the Republic of China,the rapid development of higher education in biology,the establishment and rapid increase of independent university biology departments,provided a huge impetus for the development of textbooks.Many colleges directly purchased and used original foreign biology textbooks;in addition,some college teachers wrote or translated biology Textbooks for classroom teaching in local universities,such as"Advanced Botany","Plant Anatomy and Physiology","Modern Zoology","Modern Biology","Introduction to Genetics","Physiology",etc.Most of the biology textbooks used by church universities are also in foreign languages,such as"A Text-Book of Botany"and"Introduction to Biology",but there are also a few Chinese textbooks,such as"phytopathology Summary"and"Genetics".During this period,the number of university biology textbooks increased and the quality improved significantly.Chapter Five discusses editing and use of university biology textbooks in the mid-late period of republic of china.Since the 1930s,the Commercial Press,the Zhonghua Book Company,the World Book Company,the National Institute for Compilation and Translation,and the Zhengzhong Bookstore have begun editing and publishing university textbooks.These textbooks have detailed editing plans,strict review procedures,and are very systematic.Most of them are edited by famous academics at that time,and the quality is very high.Many of the biological textbooks,such as"The Precise Meaning of Biological","The Precise Meaning of zoology","Physiology","Experimental Guidance for Biology","Higher Biology","Histological Compendium","Classification of Advanced Botany","Genetics","Pharmaceutical Botany",etc.are widely used in domestic universities.With the"sinification"and"secularization"of church universities,the proportion of Chinese biological textbooks in church universities is increasing.During this period,the number and types of university biology textbooks increased significantly,and its systematic and scientific has been greatly strengthened.The proportion of Chinese textbooks increased rapidly.Chapter Six discusses the spread of modern genetics from the university biology textbooks in China.In 1922,modern genetics entered higher education in China.A group of university genetics and biology textbooks systematically introduced modern genetics knowledge,which promoted young students'in-depth understanding of genetics.At the same time,local genetics research has also made some achievements,and it has been reflected in university textbooks.Chapter Seven is Conclusion,which summarizes the development trend of modern university biology textbooks,and also discusses its relationship with the development of modern higher biology education,the spread of Western biological knowledge in China,and the change of Chinese intellectuals'attitude towards learning Western science.