| The number of bison in the United States has increased substantially since the turn of the 20th century. This dissertation examines this transition in order to assemble empirical data on bison diffusion, assess alternate theoretical perspectives, and evaluate the ethical ramifications of these geographic developments. Environmental, cultural, economic, governmental, health, and material networks have each impacted bison in distinct ways. Historical events indicate this heterogeneous collection of networks was necessary for the redistribution of bison on public, private, and tribal lands. Due to the generalist nature of the species, environmental factors have placed relatively few constraints on the distribution of the species. Cultural networks initially had a predominant influence, as the imagery of wilderness was utilized to promote the need for public herds at the beginning of the century. Modest amounts of government involvement facilitated this process. The nation's material infrastructure, particularly railroads, played a necessary role in this early diffusion. Cultural factors also prompted the establishment of private herds, but could not sustain a large agricultural industry on their own. Eventually, with the general increase in bison, the economic potential of bison rose. The bison industry has tried to carve out a niche within the agricultural sector by utilizing cultural and health concerns. Nonetheless, the industry has had difficulty establishing an alternative form of agriculture due to pre-existing constraints. Along with economic priorities, cultural conceptions of food and governmental regulations have pushed the industry toward conventional practices. Consequently, the industry has experienced economic problems. The tribal interest in bison stemmed from efforts to restore cultural traditions, improve tribal health, and generate economic opportunity. Several government agencies have played a critical role in the establishment of tribal bison herds by providing animals and the resources necessary to manage them. Because most meat procured from tribal herds is consumed by tribal members, tribes remain comparatively free from constraints imposed by the marketplace and governmental policies. While these networks facilitated the redistribution of the species, they also placed new constraints upon the population, particularly in the private domain. These limitations affect society's ability to co-exist with bison in an ethical manner. |
