Environmental Effects Of Manufacturing Servitization Under The Background Of Global Value Chain

Since the reform and opening-up,export of China's manufacturing has relied on traditional factor endowments and comparative advantages to gain benefits.That mainly depends on an energy-intensive and high-polluting way of"processing"and"assembly",which is rough and loose.Although that mode has achieved rapid growth in export trade of manufacture and increased participation in Global Value Chain,and China has also been described as"pollution haven".Chinese government has actively taken measures to reduce emissions,and then the realization of emission reduction target puts forward higher requirements for the reduction of CO₂ emissions embodied in manufacturing goods exports.The manufacturing servitization trend of current and future international trade provides an alternative approach to reduce CO₂ emissions embodied in manufacturing goods exports.Servitization of manufacturing in this paper refers to increase of the proportion of service embodied in goods export,which can be defined as input-servitization of manufacturing industry.In the process of servitization,more service elements with less energy consumption and high technology content are put into the production link of manufacturing in Global Value Chain,which can reduce the domestic and foreign energy consumption implied in the manufacturing export goods and then bring about the reduction of carbon emission embodied in manufacturing goods exports.Thus,this paper makes theoretical analysis on endogenous mechanism,input-output relationship and emission reduction path of the environmental effect of servitization in manufacturing.Empirical tests on the carbon emission effect of servitization of manufacturing from the perspective of China's industry,regional space and international comparison are conducted on above basis respectively.Finally,according to the situation of China,this paper simulates the emission reduction potential driven by manufacturing servitization.The main contents of this paper are detailed as follows:Firstly,assuming that the value added comes from two sectors,a static model of endogenous mechanism for the environmental effects of manufacturing servitization is constructed,and dynamic effects are analyzed on account of the value of energy consumption elasticity.Based on input-output theory,this paper analyzes the relationship between servitization of manufacturing and carbon emission chain embodied in goods manufacturing export.Then two aspects including the periodical relationship between manufacturing servitization and carbon emission,and the transmission path of servitization promoting emission reduction are discussed.All the theoretical analyses above are the basis of empirical test of environmental effects of manufacturing servitization.The conclusion of this part can be summarized as follows:the adjustment of value-added source structure of manufacturing goods exports in the Global Value Chain,namely the improvement of servitization,can provide suggestions for reducing carbon emission embodied in manufacturing goods exports.Secondly,multi-regional input-output table provided by WIOD and Fixed Effects model?Fe?,carbon emission effects of overall servitization,high-end servitization of manufacturing and the heterogeneity of path of servitization are studied empirically from the perspective of China's industry.Results demonstrate that:the servitization of manufacturing significantly reduces the level of carbon emission embodied in manufacturing goods exports;production-oriented servitization of manufacturing has no carbon emission reduction effect,which is mainly due to the insufficient contribution of science,technology and information on the value added of China's manufacturing export currently;the effect of servitization on reducing the carbon emission embodied in manufacturing goods exports in downstream of Global Value Chain is more significant than that in upstream.Thirdly,based on China's regional input-output table,this paper employs Moran's I index to analyze regional spatial distribution characteristics of servitization and carbon emission of China's regional manufacturing industry.Regional spatial comparisons on carbon emission effects are made with SGWR model from the perspectives of overall servitization,high-end servitization and the heterogeneity of servitization.It is indicated that the role of servitization in emission reduction of China mainly depends on eastern region where distribution-oriented servitization is the main driving force.In contrast,distribution-oriented servitization plays an insufficient role in reducing carbon emission embodied in manufacturing goods exports in the western region.Compared with western and northeastern regions,eastern and central regions enjoy earlier emission reduction benefits from the inputs of information transmission,computer and software industry.Fourthly,a model for evaluating the environmental effects of servitization of manufacturing in different countries or regions under the background of Global Value Chain is established with reference of STIRPAT model.Fixed Effects model?Fe?and General Feasible Generalized Least Square Method model?FGLS?are introduced to empirically test the international differences in the carbon emission effects of the servitization of heterogeneity and the servitization of domestic and foreign sources.In addition,manufacturing industry is divided into four categories according to technological level,and then carbon emission effects of servitization in different types of manufacturing industry in countries with different levels of economic development are compared.The results show that there is an inverted u-shaped relationship between total servitization of manufacturing and carbon emission embodied in manufacturing goods exports in 39 major countries.In developed countries,the increase of productive service input from abroad can significantly reduce emission.And the effect of servitization on emission reduction is significant in low-and medium-technology manufacturing industry whereas emission reduction effect does not occur in low-tech manufacturing industry.In emerging economies,the dominant factor for significant emission reduction in all types of manufacturing industry is production-oriented servitization,especially the productive services from domestic.Fifth,this paper constructs an estimation model with the method of environmental economic accounting,which assumes that the emission reduction margin is determined by degree of servitization,emission intensity and industrial structure.In the context of Global Value Chain,the carbon emission reduction potential of China's manufacturing is simulated based on the above model.Simulation data shows that carbon emission reduction potential of manufacturing resulted from the improvement of servitization is equivalent to that of industrial structure adjustment and increases year by year.Therefore,the potential for carbon emission reduction brought by acceleration of servitization would be higher.Finally,a number of policy implications to achieve emission reduction target by improving the degree of servitization of China's manufacturing is pointed out.For example,the government should increase the input of high-end services in manufacturing sector,for purpose of taking maximum advantage of production-oriented servitization in reducing emissions.Strengthen comparative advantages of eastern,central,western and northeastern regions in emission reduction effects of servitization of heterogeneous in different regions.Then a regional production network integrating upgrading of servitization and emission reduction advantages of manufacturing would be established.Manufacturing industry should increase the proportion of service input in output,promote the effectiveness of emission reduction of production and distribution oriented servitization in high-tech manufacturing.Moreover,this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions from six aspects,including exerting the initiative of servitization in enterprise,promoting the integration of high-end technical service elements and manufacturing industry,improving the proportion of national informatization,etc.This paper researches the effect of servitization on CO₂ emissions embodied in manufacturing goods exports under the background of Global Value Chain,and expands the research scope from China's industry to regional space and international comparison.The above approach is a further innovation and expansion of academic research perspective on the relationship between trade and environment,which supplements current research on the emission reduction effect of industrial upgrading from the perspective of servitization in Global Value Chain.Moreover,it is of great practical and economic significance for government to formulate targeted policies of servitization to promote the realization of emission reduction.