| With the shading away of the demographic dividends of China and the changes in the status of capital and other factors,the growth rate of the economy of China has embraced a new normal of medium-and high-speed economic growth from a state of rapid growth.In the new normal stage of the economy,the rapid expansion of the Chinese export over the last 10 years has also changed.The growth of Chinese export has also become a new normal of medium and high-speed growth.The growth of export continued to decline.And the structure of export has been upgraded slowly.These are not conducive to the improvement of the competitiveness of Chinese export.In addition,Sino-US trade frictions have come up frequently since 2018.So it is a difficulty for Chinese export to obtain the promotion of the competitiveness of export trade under the new economic normal and to promote the economic growth of China.And the report of 19 th National Congress of Chinese Communist Party pointed out the direction.It pointed out that the development of Chinese economy has switched from being rapid to high-quality.In this major turning stage,in view of this,the economic innovation and competitiveness of China must be continuously enhanced.It is very important to study the relationship between technological innovation and the improvement of export competitiveness of manufacturing industries.So,this dissertation reviews the theoretical basis and literature of technological innovation and export competitiveness.Through these researches,the findings are as follows:The investment in technological innovation of enterprises has a significant impact on the improvement of export competitiveness of enterprises.In addition,the age of the enterprise,the government subsidies,the human capital of the enterprise,the openness of the enterprise,the capital intensity of the enterprise,the profit,other factors such as the constraints of corporate finance,and the RMB exchange rate at the enterprise level will also affect the improvement of the export competitiveness of the enterprise.Technological innovation has a significant impact on China’s export competitiveness at the industry level.In addition,factors such as material capital intensity,human capital,foreign direct investment,the size of industry and firm also have certain impact on the export competitiveness of manufacturing segments.Technological innovation significantly affects the improvement of regional export competitiveness.In addition,other factors such as foreign direct investment,outward direct investment,openness,intensity of environmental regulation,infrastructure,financial development,material capital intensity and the level of human capital have a greater or lesser impact on regional manufacturing export competitiveness.And,technological innovation will affect the regional export competitiveness through the two channels of regional productivity and the diversification of export products.Furthermore,this dissertation constructs a theoretical model about technological innovation and export trade based on the Melitz’s heterogeneous trade theory(2003)and on the Helpman’s heterogeneity framework(2004)as well as Bustos’ s(2005),Caldera’s(2010)and Tanaka’s(2010)theoretical models.And it finds that the growth of R&D investment of enterprises has a significant role in promoting the export of enterprises.So it also affects the competitiveness of enterprises’ export.In order to measure export competitiveness index reasonably,this dissertation brought the index of export quality into the index system of export competitiveness.And this study used entropy method to determine the weight of each index.Finally,it measured the export competitiveness at the product level,industry level and regional level.By studying the evolution of these indicators,this dissertation found that:On the product level: during the period of survey of samples,most products in China have strong export competitiveness.And the export competitiveness of products are more and more stable over time.The export complexity of product generally shows an upward trend in fluctuation and is more and more stable.However,the index of export quality estimated by Khandelwal et al.(2013)shows a trend of decline in fluctuation.But it rebounds in the last year of the period of samples.On the level of manufacturing industry segmentation: the export competitiveness of most manufacturing industry segments shows an upward trend in fluctuation.And the development of export competitiveness are more and more stable.The industries with high export competitiveness in China were generally labor-intensive industries as well as some technology-intensive and capital-intensive industries(for example machinery manufacturing).And the low of export competitiveness are the resource-based manufacturing industry of primary product in the manufacturing industry.Also the export competitiveness of the manufacturing sector is significantly affected by the financial crisis.On regional level of manufacturing industry: during the period of sample inspection,the export competitiveness of manufacturing industry in various provinces in China shows the trend of being relatively stable upward.And the change of export competitiveness is more and more stable.The export competitiveness of provinces that lies in developed eastern regions is relatively high,while that of western regions is relatively low.The financial crisis significantly affects the provincial export competitiveness.This research empirically studied the relationship between technological innovation and the improvement of export competitiveness of manufacturing industry based on the data of enterprise and the index of export competitiveness which were estimated at the industrial and provincial levels.Through these researches,this dissertation found:At the enterprise level: Based on the matching data of Chinese industrial enterprise database and customs database,this research empirically study the relationship between technological innovation and export competitiveness of enterprises by differentiating innovation input from innovation output.Through research,it found:Technological innovation has a significant positive impact on the export competitiveness of enterprises during the period of survey of samples by distinguishing innovation input from innovation output.And the impact of technological innovation is still stable.The regression results of sample show that innovation input of the state-owned enterprises can significantly promote the competitiveness of enterprises.The effect of innovation output on export competitiveness is significant in the samples of private enterprises.The regression results of enterprises with different capital intensity show that innovation investment has a significant positive impact on export competitiveness in the samples of enterprises with high capital intensity.For the innovation output,both product innovation and process innovation have a significant positive impact on export competitiveness in the samples of low-capital-intensive enterprises.For the high-capital-intensive enterprises,product innovation has a significant impact on export competitiveness.But the impact of process innovation is not significant.The regression results of enterprises’ different trade modes show that both innovation input and output for general trade mode enterprises have a significant promoting effect on the export competitiveness of enterprises.According to the regression results of different city levels of enterprises,technological innovation plays a significant role in promoting the export competitiveness of enterprises in third-tier and fourth-tier cities.In addition,the age of enterprises,the human capital of enterprises,the profit rate of enterprises and the real effective exchange rate of RMB in the enterprise level have significantly promoted the improvement of export competitiveness at the level of Chinese manufacturing enterprises.The capital intensity of enterprises,enterprises subsidies received by government and corporate financing constraints have significantly inhibited the improvement of export competitiveness of enterprises.At the level of industry: investment in technological innovation significantly promotes the improvement of export competitiveness of the industry during the period of study of samples.After distinguishing the input from output of technological innovation,the impact is still significant.In addition,the estimation of dynamic model is the most efficient.That is,it is most significant that the technological innovation of an earlier period affects the export competitiveness of industry.For different types of industries,the technological innovation of heavy manufacturing,homogeneous manufacturing and medium technology industries has significantly promoted the improvement of the export competitiveness of the industry.But for the other types of enterprises the impact is not significant.And the impact channel test of industry’s technological innovation shows that technological innovation affects the improvement of export competitiveness through the productivity of industry and the export diversification of industry.In addition,the material capital intensity,human capital,the scale of industry and the scale of enterprise have significantly promoted the export competitiveness of the manufacturing sector.The foreign direct investment has significantly negative impact on the export competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing industry.At the regional level: regional technological innovation significantly promotes the improvement of regional export competitiveness during the period of survey of samples.And the impact of regional technological innovation on export competitiveness is still robust by distinguishing input and output of innovation.The regression results of different regions show that regional technological innovation still has a significant impact on export competitiveness,whether in eastern,central and western regions,or in key provinces and non-key provinces of "The Belt and Road Initiative".In addition,the impact channel test of technological innovation shows that regional technological innovation affects the improvement of regional export competitiveness through the productivity and export diversification of region.And foreign direct investment,the openness of region,the level of infrastructure,the physical capital and human capital have significantly promoted the export competitiveness of the manufacturing.The intensity of environmental regulation has significantly inhibited the improvement of regional export competitiveness.And there is no significant relationship between the level of foreign direct investment as well as financial development and the region’s export competitiveness.According to the main conclusions of this dissertation,considering the slowdown of foreign trade growth,the urgent need is to adjust the foreign trade structure and the requirements of improving export competitiveness in the new normal stage of China’s international trade.This study proposes: First,at the level of enterprise: The government and enterprise should strengthen the R&D investment in enterprises and promote independent innovation of enterprises to promote the improvement of export competitiveness of enterprises.And they should increase the R&D investment in state-owned enterprises and further improve the modern enterprise system of state-owned enterprises as well as improve the incentive mechanism for independent innovation of state-owned enterprises,so as to play a role in promoting the export competitiveness of state-owned enterprises through innovation input and output.They should encourage the independent innovation of enterprises and increase the proportion of general trade of enterprises.Also they should increase investment in innovation in the third and fourth tier cities,so as to promote the export competitiveness of the enterprises of the third and fourth tier cities.Second,at the level of industry: Guided by the innovative ideas of five development concepts,the government should strengthen the investment in the technological innovation of industry.And there should be different innovation inputs for different types of industries.Technology innovation should be particularly tilted towards heavy-duty manufacturing,medium-tech industries,and homogeneous industries.The government should increase its material capital investment in the manufacturing industry,further strengthen the human capital investment,and optimize the structure of human capital.In addition,China must encourage China’s capital to go out and construct a new industrial value chain in China.Third,at regional level: The government should strengthen R&D investment in regional technological innovation and increase foreign direct investment of enterprises within the region.All regions should enhance "internal strength",enhance their ability to cope with risks and frictions,and further expand opening-up.Guided by the green development concept in the five development ideas,the government should appropriately strengthen the environmental protection for different regions and industries so as to promote the improvement of regional export competitiveness.The government should increase infrastructure investment in underdeveloped areas.And it should strengthen the marketization of financial intermediation and improve the development of the regional financial system.It should formulate rational and effective policies for attracting talents into the region,so as to raise the level of human capital in the region. |
