| Since the reform and opening up,along with the rapid development of China's economy,the income gap between urban and rural areas has gradually increased,which has brought many adverse effects on the sustainable development of China's economy,the construction of new countryside and social harmony and stability,and has become a difficult problem restricting China's economic development.In this context,how to increase farmers'income has become the focus of social concern.National parks are an internationally popular form of protected terrain.Since 1996,Yunnan Province began to explore the construction of national parks.In 2007,the first National Park in mainland China,Pudazou National Park,was officially listed.Since then,13 national parks have been piloted in Yunnan Province.National parks emphasize the scientific protection and rational utilization of natural resources.On the premise of strict protection of the ecological environment,they can provide recreational opportunities for the public.The pilot national parks in Yunnan Province have carried out ecotourism development to varying degrees.Whether the development of ecotourism in national parks can increase the income of surrounding farmers is the focus of this paper.This paper evaluates the relationship between tourism development and peasant household income from a macro perspective by referring to the second-hand data obtained from the yearbook.By using participatory rural assessment and questionnaire,the farmers around Xishuangbanna Tropical Rainforest National Park,Pu'er National Park,Potatso National Park and Laojunshan National Park in Lijiang were investigated.Based on participatory development theory,this paper evaluates the impact of ecotourism development in national parks on farmers'income from a micro perspective.The main conclusions of the study are as follows:(1)The results from macroscopic perspective show that in the long run,there is no equilibrium between the total tourism income and the net income of rural residents in Simao District where Puer National Park is located.Tourism development in Mengla County,where Xishuangbanna Tropical Rainforest National Park is located,and Yulong County,where Lijiang Laojunshan National Park is located,has led to the growth of per capita net income of local rural residents.Although there is a long-term and balanced relationship between the total tourism income and the per capita net income of rural residents in Shangri-La County where Potatso National Park is located,tourism development is not the Granger cause of the per capita net income growth of rural residents.The relationship between tourism development and peasant household income shows obvious differences in various areas.Increasing peasant household income is not the inevitable result of tourism development.It is necessary to further understand the impact of tourism development on peasant household income with micro-data.(2)The results from microscopic perspective show that:Firstly,whether farmers participate in the development of ecotourism in national parks and what kind of participation form they choose are rational choices made under the constraints of resource conditions after cost-benefit analysis.It is found by survey that the participation of farmers in the development of ecological tourism in national parks is not high,and the main forms of participation are work,self-employment and sideline.Further research shows that the key factor affecting farmers'participation in the development of ecotourism in national parks is the location of farmers' residence.The participation of farmers living in national parks is significantly better than that of farmers living outside national parks.The willingness of non-participating peasant households to participate is strong,and the willingness to work independently is higher than that of self-employment.Insufficient funds and manpower are the key factors affecting farmers' willingness to participate.Secondly,the development of ecotourism in national parks has increased the total per capita income by significantly increasing the per capita transfer income and per capita wage income of participants.Thirdly,although there are obvious differences in total household income and tourism income among migrant households,self-employed households and part-time households,this difference is not caused by the different forms of participation in the development of ecotourism in national parks.Fourthly,Participation in the development of ecotourism in national parks has a significant impact on the income of low-income,middle-low income,middle-income and high-income households,and the impact is gradually increasing;Participation in the development of eco tourism in national parks is the only factor affecting the income of low-income households;There are many factors affecting the increase of household income of middle-low income,middle-income and high-income farmers,among which whether to participate in the development of ecotourism in national parks is the most important one;Participation in the development of ecotourism in national parks can not significantly increase the income of high-income peasant families.Fifth,after the development of ecotourism in national parks,participating households allocate more labor to work in national parks,reducing labor input in agriculture and forestry,and reducing the dependence of farmers on land.the proportion of per capita wage income increased significantly,the proportion of per capita operating income decreased significantly,the income structure is quite different from that of the non participating households.Sixth,after the development of National Park ecotourism,the Gini coefficient between households is widened.Some households of non-participating households have also increased their income by going out to work,planting bananas,rubber,tea and other means,widening the gap in income distribution among farmers.It shows that the development of tourism will lead to the aggravation of the unfair income distribution of farmers,but it is not the only influencing factor.The phenomenon reflected is:although tourism development has enlarged the Gini coefficient between participating households,but because the Gini coefficient between non-participating households is also increasing,so farmers on the National Park ecotourism development and show obvious negative opinions.From the subjective point of view,the performance evaluation results of farmers on the National Park ecotourism development are not satisfactory.Participating households were significantly better than non-participating households,but nearly 30%of non-participating households were very satisfied with the subjective evaluation of the National Park ecotourism development income growth performance,indicating that the development of National Park ecotourism indirectly increased the household income of some non-participating households.The most important factors influencing the subjective evaluation of Income-increasing performance of ecotourism development in national parks are the personal qualities of household heads and the convenience of obtaining information. |
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