Research On Collaborative Innovation Effects Of China's Public Research And Development

Technological innovation is an important driving force for economic and social development.Historically,every technological revolution led to an overall redistribution of the world's economic power.The development of the steam engine sparked the first industrial revolution.Theories of relativity and quantum mechanics brought about the second industrial revolution,also known as the technological revolution,which triggered major technological breakthroughs related to electronics,aerospace,and nuclear energy.These days,there are new technology advancements being made with each passing day and the innovation process is becoming more and more complex.Sufficient investment in basic and applied research is fundamental to major theoretical breakthroughs.Financing R&D for major technological breakthroughs appears to be a tremendous burden on individual universities,research institutions or companies.Therefore,technological innovation as a complex process requires joint participation of governments,companies,research institutes,colleges and universities,etc.Only through their interaction and interplay,can collaborative innovation be better promoted.The report of the 19th CPC National Congress points out that innovation is the primary driving force for development and provides strategic support for the development of a modern economic system.China should aim at the forefront of science and technology in the world,strengthen basic and applied research and strive to become a science and technology powerhouse.Public R&D,as the foundation of technological innovation,has prominent characteristics of public goods and may encounter market failure and free rider problems.Public R&D financed by government can drive technological innovation and the government has the responsibility to increase the supply of public goods.In recent years,with rapid economic development,China's investment in technological innovation has also increased.However,the investment in public R&D remains relatively low,far below the investment levels in developed countries such as the United States and Japan.The proportion of public R&D personnel FTD(full-time equivalent)in the research and development personnel FTD of the society shows a rapid decline.The serious shortage of public R&D funding has become a major obstacle to major technological breakthroughs and the construction of an innovative country,and hindered China's efforts to become an innovative country.Nowadays,both domestic and foreign scholars have conducted researches on public R&D and collaborative innovation.However,these studies mainly focus on the relationship between public R&D and corporate R&D,impact of basic research on innovation,and impact of universities,government and companies on collaborative innovation,and there is less research on the characteristics of public R&D and its role in the collaborative innovation system.There is convincing evidence that public R&D has a significant impact on collaborative innovation in one country or region and provides necessary support for collaborative innovation.As China enters a new era of building a socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics on all fronts,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the characteristics of public R&D and collaborative innovation.After carefully reviewing and analyzing the existing research results and basic theories,this study comprehensively analyzed the evolution,input characteristics and output efficiency of public R&D,discussed the double helix collaborative innovation system consisting of public R&D and corporate R&D,as well as a triple helix collaborative innovation system consisting of public R&D,corporate R&D and government support based on empirical evidence,and put forward policy recommendations in the light of research findings.The structure of this paper is as follows:Chapter 1:Introduction.This chapter discusses the research background and significance of this study,introduces and reviews relevant international research summaries,and highlights innovative research framework,process and methods of the study.Chapter 2:Analyzes the basic principles of public R&D and collaborative innovation.First,it defines the core concepts of public R&D and collaborative innovation,analyzes their characteristics,and determines the scope of research;second,it reviews and introduces the core theories related to public R&D and collaborative innovation,including public goods,synergetics,and innovation,to provide theoretical support for this study;third,it analyzes the functional positioning and mechanism of public R&D and collaborative innovation,and clarifies the functional role of public R&D in collaborative innovation from a theoretical perspective.Chapter 3:Analyzes the evolutionary history of public R&D.First,it creates the timeline of the development history of public R&D in China,including the period of government planning from 1949 to 1978,the period of economic construction from 1978 to 2012,and the period of collaborative innovation from 2012 to the present;second,it examines the evolutionary history of public R&D in major developed countries such as the United States,Germany,and Japan,and explores their respective development laws and experiences;third,it reaches the conclusion of enhancing management capabilities,increasing fund investment,and improving assessment systems to promote the development of public R&D in China.Chapter 4:Studies the input characteristics of public R&D.First,it analyzes the characteristics of public R&D input scale with time series data,and finds that both labor and capital inputs are rapidly growing,but the growth of the latter is far greater than that of the former;second,it analyzes the characteristics of public R&D input structure with Kernel density estimation,and reveals that the flow of R&D personnel is contrary to that of funds in public R&D,and the phenomenon of "club convergence" is observed in areas with high levels;third,it uses ArcGIS Image Analyst to analyze the characteristics of public R&D input distribution,and reveals the evident cascading characteristics in the eastern,central and western regions,while labor and capital inputs tend to move towards the eastern region,and "central downfall" appears in the central region.Chapter 5:Examines the output efficiency of public R&D.First,it constructs a measure model of public R&D output efficiency.The measure finds that the personnel contributes more to the efficiency of the publication output,and the funds contribute more to the efficiency of the patent output,while the patent contributes more to the total output efficiency of the public R&D;second,through cluster analysis and spatial Gini coefficient analysis,this study finds the evident cascading characteristics of output efficiency in the eastern,central and western regions,forming the Matthew effect of "the strong getting stronger,and the weak becoming weaker";third,through the Moran index analysis,this paper finds that there is a significant positive spatial autocorrelation in the efficiency of public R&D,and the radiation effects of high-efficiency areas on their surrounding areas,and the growth pole effect are observed.Chapter 6:Studies the effect of double helix collaborative innovation consisting of public R&D and corporate R&D.First,this chapter constructs a double helix collaborative innovation system composed of public R&D and corporate R&D based on the evaluation model of the synergy degree of composite systems.The overall degree of synergy is high from the timeline-based perspective.Second,there is a typical correlation between public R&D systems and corporate R&D systems,and patents are the bridge for double helix collaborative innovation between public R&D and corporate R&D.Third,the degree of ordering of the public R&D subsystem is higher than that of the corporate R&D subsystem.Panel VAR,impulse response,and variance decomposition all show that public R&D plays a significant role in promoting corporate R&D.Chapter 7:Studies triple helix collaborative innovation system consisting of public R&D,corporate R&D and government support.Because the double helix is in a state of "metastable",the triple helix collaborative innovation system is constructed and measured based on the evaluation model and the innovation theory of the synergy degree of the composite system.First,the overall degree of synergy of the triple helix system is increasing steadily,but large differences among the regions are observed.Second,the synergy degree of the triple helix system is higher than that of the double helix system,and the government's participation has directly increased the level of synergy in all regions.Third,the degree of influence of each subsystem on the triple helix system is in the order of government support subsystem,corporate R&D subsystem,and public R&D subsystem from the highest to the lowest.Fourth,government funds demonstrate no significant impact if allocated to higher education institutions,a catalytic effect if allocated to enterprises and scientific research institutions,and a greater impact if allocated to scientific research institutions.In the eastern,central,and western regions,goverxnment funds have different degrees of influence when allocated to different sectors.Chapter 8:Main Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.The first part of this chapter reviews and summarizes the basic conclusions of this study.The second part proposes five policy recommendations to promote the development of public R&D and collaborative innovation in China based on the study conclusions.The final part points out the deficiencies in this study and the next step of research work.Significance of This Study:This study consulted relevant literature on public R&D and,according to the reality of collaborative innovation in terms of the Government-Industry-University-Research Cooperation in the organization the author serves,has used multiple research methods,including theoretical analysis,empirical analysis,literature review,descriptive analysis,comparative analysis and inductive analysis,to strive for innovation on the basis of previous researches.(?)With novel perspective,this study has analyzed the characteristics and efficiency of public R&D,and collaborative innovation under different conditions from the perspective of public goods,not only enriching the research connotation of public goods,but also expanding the research perspective of collaborative innovation;(?)With novel research content,this study has comprehensively analyzed the evolution,input characteristic,output efficiency,and collaborative innovation effects of public R&D from various perspectives,and put forward targeted policy recommendations;(?)With innovative research methods,this study has used a variety of statistical methods including sequence diagram,Kernel density estimation,ArcGIS Image Analyst,typical autocorrelation,impulse response,and regression model,to study public R&D and collaborative innovation effects,making the discussion more intuitive and credible,and the analysis more comprehensive and in-depth.