| The land supervision system is an important part and a major innovation of China's most strict land management system.It not only supervises the implementation of the farmland protection target responsibility system and national land regulation and control policies,but also conducts a positive exploration for improving central and local administrative power and responsibility system.Land is the basis of people's livelihood,and there is a basic national policy in China:"to value land highly,to use land rationally and to protect farmland effectively".The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC National Congress vigorously reiterated food security issues,while land resources are related not only to the national food security,but also to social harmony and stability as well as the long-term development of the Chinese nation.With China's population growth,industrialization and the acceleration of urbanization,more and more intense constraints are exerted on resources and environment;land use and management face severe challenges;the extensive mode of economic growth has become unsustainable,which is based on excessive consumption and inefficient use of land resources.Since the establishment of the national land supervision system in July 2006,the national land supervision agencies have urged local governments to investigate more than 31,000 illegal cases involving 224,000 hm2of lands,and to add 49,000 hm2 of farmland.Land supervision system plays an important role in curbing illegal land use of local governments,protecting farmland resources and promoting conservation and intensive use of land resources.However,the utility of land supervision system still has not lived up to the expectations.As a new system,it should be constantly explored and improved in supervision practices;but it is more urgent to strengthen theoretical research and guidance,which accords with the development of supervision systems at home and abroad.Currently,there is a lack of theoretical studies of the land supervision system,especially researches about the utility of land supervision system based on spatial and temporal differences.Accordingly,based on related studies of land supervision system at home and abroad,in particular the facts that most studies fouced on the economic and social effects without considering the effectiveness and performance of the functioning mechanism,the connotations of the utility of national land supervision system is defined,and the functioning mechanism of the utility of land supervision system is analyzed using the core statistical data of land supervision from the perspective of spatial and temporal differences.The characterizing indicators of land supervision system utility are filtrated by using factor analysis and expert evaluation methods.The utility model of land supervision system is constructed on the basis of Bayesian normal linear regression method,and the probability distribution of model coefficients is theoretically explained.Then,the utility model of land supervision system is used to conduct empirical analyses and to study the supervision utility change differences and characteristics of the national land supervision institution under different temporal dimensions and of the Eastern,Central and Western regions of China under different spatial scales.Given the status quo and development trend of the implementation of land supervision system,targeted policy suggestions are finally put forward from perspectives of implementing regional differentiation supervision,reshaping national land supervision system and improving land supervision mechanism.The main conclusions are drawn as follows:1.The connotations and the representations of the utility of land supervision system is expounded,and it is further put forward to study the utility of land supervision system from the perspectives of efficiency,effectiveness,performance and responsiveness standards.The spatial and temporal variations of the driving mechanism for the impact factors of the land supervision system utility are analyzed based on the core business of national land supervision system.It is shown that the spatial and temporal differences in the driving mechanism have lead to differences in spatial and temporal variations of the utility of land supervision system.At temporal dimension,the functioning of efficiency,effectiveness and responsiveness factors are increasing:1)the supervision input decreased,as the number of the supervisors decreased by 54.5%;2)the audit efficiency and the issue identification efficiency increased,as file number audit rate increased by 77.8%and routine supervision problem identification rate increased by 19.4%;3)degree of social concern and responsiveness for supervision system improved.However,the functioning of performance factors are decreasing and problem correction and reform efforts are declining:the number of punished persons responsible for illegal land use fell by 73%and the rate of illegal land use to investigate filing dropped by 46.9%.At spatial scale,the functioning of efficiency,effectiveness,performance,and responsiveness factors varies dramatically among the locally-stationed national land supervision bureaus,e.g.the inputs in supervision work,including time,personnel and funds,number of punished persons responsible for illegal land use and investigation and rectification rates for illegal land use varies with regions.2.Based on Bayesian statistical theory,the Bayesian multivariate normal regression model of the utility of land supervision system is constructed by attempting a Bayesian statistical modeling based on factor analysis.In the R software platform,through Exploratory Data Analysis(EDA),Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method(MCMC)and Gibbs sampling,the estimation of the posterior distribution of model parameters are realized.Based on a theoretical explanation of model coefficient probability distribution,the differences of contribution rates to utility of different supervision factors,and the differences of the effects of different land supervision mechanism on utility are revealed.The results indicate that:the supervision performance factors has the greatest contribution to the utility of land supervision system which accounting for 36.04%;followed by the responsiveness and efficiency factors,occupying 25.54%and 24.86%respectively;while the contribution of effectiveness factors is relatively low,accounting for 13.57%.The corrective mechanism of land supervision has the most prominent influence on land supervision system which has a contribution of 31.77%to the utility;followed by social supervision and service support mechanisms,with contributions of 25.55%and 24.87%respectively;the roles of audit mechanism and identification mechanism need to be enhanced,which have contributions of 8.24%and 5.34%respectively;however,land supervision collaboration mechanism,with a contribution of 4.27%to the utility,has not been effectively played.Among them,three key factors including the punishment of persons responsible for illegal land use,responses to social concerns and supervision cadre quality make greatest contributions to the utility of the land supervision system,which have the marginal utility of 3.72%,3.16%and 2.63%,respectively.3.An empirical analysis is made by the utility model of land supervision system to study the variations and characteristics of the supervision utility at different temporal dimensions and spatial scales.At temporal dimensions,the overall utility of land supervision system is constantly improving,while the increasing rate is falling.From 2011 to 2013,the annual increasing rates of total land supervision utility were 24.3%and 21.4%.The highest changing rates of supervision utility in the three years are 28.9%,69.1%and 77.5%,respectively.In terms of the utility of the core business of land supervision,routine supervision has a higher utility than special supervision;audit supervision has the weakest supervision utility,the relative ratio of the three supervision business utility is 2.5:2.2:1.0.Among them,the utility of routine supervision is improving,while the utility of special supervision and audit supervision is declining,and the associated highest changing rates are 67.3%,72.2%and 91.9%,respectively.At spatial scales,the utility of land supervision system varies with regions:the Central regions have the weakest supervision utility,followed by the Eastern regions;the Western regions have the most prominent supervision utility.In 2013,the relative ratio of land supervision system utility for the Eastern regions,the Central regions and the Western regions was 1.15:1.00:1:18.While annual changing rates varied differently with regions,comparing with 2012,the utility in the Eastern regions fell by 5.2%,in the Central regions fell by 13.1%,and rose by 7.9%in the Western regions.The results obtained from analysis of the model show a good consistency with the actual supervision results.Furthermore,through the analysis and study of the utility model under different scenarios,the measures for optimization and improvement of land supervision system utility are proposed.4.Based on the analysis of the variations in the spatial and temporal utility of the national land supervision system,in order to promote the institutional innovations of land supervision system,improve the new pattern of land management and promote the sustainable development of land supervision,policy suggestions are given from the perspectives of implementing differentiation supervision,strengthening land supervision legislation,reshaping national land supervision system and improving land supervision mechanism:1)to accelerate the establishment of a classified regional land supervision early-warning system;2)to strengthen the land supervision in the Central and Eastern regions;3)to promote the independence of land supervision agencies;and 4)to enhance the corrective mechanism of the land supervision system. |
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