| Altruistic giving is a common behavior in human interactions,and it is a kind of pro-social behaviors.When individuals conducting altruistic giving,the drive force is from the intrinsic rewards.Moreover,when doing the altruistic behaviors,people weigh the “self-interest” and “other-interest”.Previous studies regarding the altruistic giving often used the dictator game and donation task.In the present study,we used the “advice-giving” task as the paradigm to study altruistic giving,and explored when primed different sociality mental modes(i.e.,the market mode and the communal mode),how the altruistic giving is being influenced.In addition,we separated the advice-giving as the certain advice-giving and uncertain advice-giving according to the attribute of advice.Furthermore,we also examined the moderating role of self-relatedness and advice feedback information in advice-giving.The current study adopted the behavioral experiments,self-reported measures and Event-related potential studies(including four studies: 8 experiments)to explore the influence of sociality mental modes(market mode vs.communal mode)on altruistic giving,and also examine the moderating role of self-relatedness and advice feedback information in advice-giving.Study 1 included Experiment 1a and 1b,we examined the moderating role of the self-relatedness and feedback in the certain advice-giving and uncertain advice-giving respectively.The results showed that when people give the certain advice to the other,the self-relatedness has the effects on the processing and when people give the uncertain advice to the other,the feedback information has the effects conversely.Study 2 included Experiment 2a and 2b,we aimed to explore how the“Market-mode” and “Communal-mode” influence the certain advice-giving.Participants primed with the money or eye cues were instructed to make decisions whether give the “profitable advice” or “detrimental advice” to the other and the EEG data were being recorded.The results showed that in the “Market-mode”,the P3(350-450 ms)was larger than which in the “Communal-mode”.Moreover,in the“Market-mode”,the P3 elicited by giving the “profitable advice” was larger than which is elicited by not giving the “detrimental advice”.But in the“Communal-mode”,there were no differences between the two conditions.Study 3 included Experiment 3a and 3b,we aimed to explore how the“Market-mode” and “Communal-mode” influence the certain advice-giving: the moderating role of the self-relatedness.The advisee target is manipulated as the“friend”,“acquaintance” or “stranger”.The results showed that in the “Market-mode”,the P3(350-450 ms)was larger than which in the “Communal-mode”.In the“Market-mode”,when the advisee is friend,the P3 elicited by giving the “profitable advice” did not differ from which is elicited by not giving the “detrimental advice”;when the advisee is the “acquaintance” or the “stranger”,the P3 elicited by giving the“profitable advice” was larger than which is elicited by not giving the “detrimental advice”.However,in the “Communal-mode”,when the advisee is the “friend”,“acquaintance” or the “stranger”,the P3 elicited by giving the “profitable advice” did not differ from which is elicited by not giving the “detrimental advice”.Study 4 included Experiment 4a and 4b,we aimed to explore how the“Market-mode” and “Communal-mode” influence the uncertain advice-giving: the moderating role of the advice feedback information.In this study,we instructed participants primed with images of money or eye-cue stimuli to choose a card for others.Then participants were informed that the other accepted(vs.rejected)their selected card and the outcomes for the other(gain vs.loss)presented while the electroencephalogram(EEG)was being recorded.The results showed that at the outcome evaluation stage,in the “Market-mode”,when the advice was accepted,the other's loss elicited a more negative feedback related negativity(FRN)than other's gain;when the advice was rejected,the the other's gain elicited a more negative FRN.But in the “Communal-mode” condition,when the advice was rejected,no FRN differences between the other's loss and gain.Moreover,we also found that in the“Market-mode”,when the advice was accepted,there was no difference between the other's loss and gain in P3,but when the advice was rejected,the other's gain elicited a smaller P3 than the other's loss.In the “Communal-mode”,when when the advice was accepted,the other's gain elicited a larger P3 than the other's loss,whereas whenthe advice was rejected,there was no difference between the other's loss and gain.At the decision-making stage,in the “Market-mode”,there were no effects of the feedback in prior trials on the next trials in P3.In the “Communal-mode”,when participants received the “Accepted-Other's loss” feedback,the P3 increased in the next trial.These findings suggested that when the altruistic behaviors involve money,people performed in accordance with the market and the “self-interest” is priority.In the“Market-mode”,individuals weigh more on the calculation of “cost-benefits”.When giving the certain advice,the self-relatedness plays a moderating role and when giving the uncertain advice,the feedback information plays a moderating role.Taken together,the sociality mental modes influenced the altruistic behaviors. |
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