| Among various factors affecting social and economic development,human is the most critical influencing factor.The level of human capital determines the speed of national economic development.Thodore W.Schults think that national economic development is slightly related to natural resources and social capital.The speed of economic development is determined by the quality of people,and the quality of people is mainly reflected by the level of human Capital.Human capital mainly includes:health status,educational background,technical level and working ability.The formation of Human capital needs a continuous investment.Compared with investment returns of other aspects,we can find that the return rate of investment in human capital is very high and once human capital is formed,it can promote the sustainable development of national economy.Human capital investment mainly includes:expenditures on health and medical care,cost of school education input,occupational training expenses in the working period,and the cost of migration for finding a suitable job.Therefore,human capital poverty refers to insufficient human capital investment,mainly manifested as:insufficient expenditure on health and medical care costs,insufficient input in school education,insufficient input in on-the-job training,and unwillingness to pay frictional unemployment costs,etc.According to Sen's theory,the poverty refers to an individual's lacking the feasible capability of access to basic living materials.The root cause of poverty is capacity poverty.Capability poverty mainly includes health poverty and education poverty.Low income,poor quality of life and lack of working ability are all external manifestations of capacity poverty.Therefore,compared with income poverty,capacity poverty theory reveals the root causes of poverty and the policy orientation of poverty reduction from a deeper level.Sen believes that the fundamental way to eradicate poverty is to re-cultivate individual capabilities and achieve personal development in an all-round way.Health is the premise of all personal development.Personal health determines the length of life expectancy and life expectancy determines the amount of human capital investment.The level of individual human capital stock reflects an individual's social capability.The stronger individual's social capability is,the smaller the possibility of poverty is.Therefore,whether the capability is in poverty determines whether an individual is in poverty and the decisive factor of capacity poverty is health and education.This doctoral dissertation takes the CHNS(1991?2011)micro-survey data as an analysis sample to analyze the reasons for persistent existence of education poverty in urban and rural areas of our country.First of all,through the calculation of poverty incidence rate and the dimension decomposition of the overall poverty index,we can find that compared with poverty incidence rate of other three index dimensions,poverty incidence rate of educational dimension in urban and rural areas from 1991 to 2011 shows a trend of rising instead of declining and we can find that educational dimension makes an increasing contribution to the overall poverty year by year.Education poverty has been a major cause of poverty in urban and rural areas,especially countryside areas.Then,based on Mincer's salary income equation,the reasons for the existence of urban and rural education poverty in China are analyzed from the perspectives of education investment return rate and working experience income.It is found that the 18-to 25-year-old age group is low by measuring the return rate of educational investment in different dimensions-The educational investment return rate for individual education is[0.08,0.18],and the educational investment return rate for highly educated individuals is[0.01,0.03].There is an "inversion phenomenon" for the educational investment return rate of low-educated individuals,and this "inversion phenomenon" is more prominent in rural areas.Through further analysis,we can find that the value of the work experience income coefficient of low-educated individuals also exists "inversion phenomenon".In the later working period[16,20]years,the wage growth rate of individuals with low academic qualifications is close to zero,while coefficient values of the wages of college graduates and university graduates are 0.02 and 0.04,respectively.Finally,based on the personal wage income impact model,through analyzing reason of inversion phenomenon in education investment return rate and work experience income coefficient,we find that the wage income of individuals with low academic qualifications is more likely to be affected by personal attributes(gender,health)and salary income of individuals with high academic qualifications depends more on the job industry and job position.In order to solve the problem of insufficient human capital investment in urban and rural areas in China,education poverty,in particular,"rising instead of declining"of education poverty.Therefore,from the perspective of medical insurance,this dissertation look for measures to alleviate education poverty in rural family.First,analyzing the influence of rural family health on individual education,and then splitting the new rural cooperative medical insurance from the health indicators to analyze the short-term policy effects of the new rural cooperative medical education on family members and the long-term sustainable impact.The study finds that:health poverty in rural family is an important cause of personal education poverty,family health poverty will lead to individual education years in the eastern,central and western regions decreasing by 0.36,0.68 and 0.71 years.by further splitting the new rural cooperative medical system from the health indicators,we find that farmers' participation in the new rural cooperative medical system is helpful to increase education years of individuals.Personal education years in the eastern region have increased by 0.54 years,personal education years in the central region have increased by 0.75 years,and personal education years in the western region have increased by 0.83 years.The implementation of the new rural cooperative policy has led to an increase of household education spending in the eastern region for consecutive three years,an increase in the central region for six years and an increase in the western region for three years.After splitting the NCMS subsidy terms,we find that outpatient reimbursement rate had the greatest impact on personal education years.The outpatient reimbursement rate increased by 1%,leading to an increase of 0.09 education years for individuals in the eastern region,0.11 for the central region,and 0.14 for the western region.Taking the moral hazard into consideration,compared with the prevention group,the implementation of the the new rural cooperative policy has a greater impact on the individual education years of hazard-prevention group,with an increase of 0.06 years in the eastern region,0.14 years in the central region,and 0.27 years in the western region.Households with stronger hazard aversion(especially in the western region)can cause more significant improvements of education years for family members.In addition to education,health poverty is also an important dimension of human capital poverty and even capacity poverty.Therefore,this dissertation analyzes the impact of tax reform on the health of children in rural families and proposes relevant policies and measures to alleviate the health poverty.The study finds that tax reform can effectively improve the health of children in families,and 49.02%of health improvements come from tax reform.The impact of tax reform on children's health is mainly reflected in the second stage of reform(tax deductions).Among them,the policy effect at the tax reform stage is 0.008,and the policy effect at the tax exemption stage is 0.021.The effect of tax reform on the improvement of children's health showed a strong continuity from 2006 to 2011 after the abolition of agricultural taxes.When children in the family are younger,tax reform can cause more significant and persistent improvement of their health.The cross-term coefficient values of four different years of 0 to 6 year old sample are[0.033,0.092],and the coefficient value range of the 6 to 12 year old sample is[0.006,0.045],and the coefficient value range for the 12?18 year old sample is[0.003,0.026].The tax reform had the strongest effect on improving the health of children in Northeast China(0.067),followed by the central region(0.035),and the weakest in the eastern region(0.016).Tax reform causes the most salient improvement of children's health with the pattern featuring a father going out for a work and a mother staying at home(0.085).Tax reform causes the least improvement of children's health with the pattern featuring parents going out for a work(0.011).Tax reform can effectively increase the intake of four nutrients for children of the family,32.11 grams of carbohydrates,2.26 grams of fat,162.67 calories,and 5.44 grams of protein.The tax reform can effectively improve the physical health of children in the family(0.043),but it has no significant effect on the improvement of their mental health. |
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