| Neo-Confucianism is a kind of philosophical Confucian classics.The structure of Neo-Confucianism ideological system is manifested in the basic interpretation of traditional classics and the creative interpretation of contradiction and unification.Guan School and Luo School are two important schools in the earlier period of Neo-Confucianism,both of which creatively interpret many categories and propositions of Yi-ology by the comprehensive study of the different theories between the Book of Changes and" the Four Books".The difference is that on the basis of summarizing the astronomical theory of expounding appearance in the night and the yin-yang qi in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine,Zhang Zai creatively transformed the historical theory of Tai-xu and Qi and put forward the profound proposition of "Tai-xu theory means the Qi theory",with which as theme he creatively illustrated Tai Chi,Three Cai(heaven,earth and human),Taoism of Three Cai,and other ranges,and the three themes in Yi-ology including "Tao contains one Ying and one Yang.""The metaphysical is Tao,while the the physics is matter."Thoroughly investigating the rules of the world and clearly understanding all the natures of human to change or achieve human's destiny where human can freely and totally get well along with nature",so that the study of Confucian classics of Han and Tang Dynasty removed the heaven which transcends and governs everything,to return to the thing-in-Tai xu itself.The he revealed theoretically in ontology the Buddhism and Tao or "partially understanding that physical empty is the nature" while "without understanding heaven Tao is used for practice",or "understanding nature of Tao,without understanding nature is just the matter" and "thing-in-itself is different from practice".Zhang Zai's Yi-ology annotation not only inherits the classic theory and also brings forth new ideas.And Cheng's interpretation for pre-Qin Yi-ology is subversive.Cheng Yi took the reference of the four principles of Taoism to state Taoism,and gave the transcendence and dominance of Taoism to Neo-Confucianism.Through the comprehensive understanding of Taoism and Neo-Confucianism,Cheng Yi combined the transcendence,dominance of Taoism with Confucianism Ethical guidelines,to successful transform Taoism by Confucianism.And Cheng propose to use the Neo-Confucianism to analyze the sensible nature objectives,such as three talents heaven,earth and human,and replaces the sacred heaven of pre-Qin Confucianism with the mystical scientific reasoning of the scientist.Cheng Yi criticized the earlier literatures in the pre-Qin which record that all things have its own reasons,such as three talents,they own three different theories,and elucidated these three theories are the same,and various principles are the same.Cheng Yi ever praise the good of thing-in-itself of Taoism,while "it is the move of mind" to identify the heaven and earth,which is similar to the theory of all is the expression of minds in Buddhism,Zhang Zai and Cheng brothers not only exit some kind of kinship,but also often communicate with each other.When they were young,they began to discuss the Yi-ology,and until Zhang Zai's death.Zhang Zai ever euphemistically criticized Cheng's theory about thing-in-itself,"Thoroughly investigating the rules of the world and clearly understanding all the natures of human to change or achieve human's destiny where human can freely and totally get well along with nature",etc..While Cheng Yi fiercely criticized Zhang Zai's theory about Tai-xu theory,theory of"Thoroughly investigating the rules of the world and clearly understanding all the natures of human to change or achieve human's destiny where human can freely and totally get well along with nature",theory of gathering,parting and circulation of qi,etc.,but greatly praised Zhang Zai's themes including "educating with etiquette","change temperament","People are my brothers and all things are my kinds","unification of sincerity and intelligence",etc.,and modified and quoted them.This is also proved by historical facts that Cheng Yi has been basically achieved mastery through a comprehensive study for two thoughts when he became the academic leader of the old party after the death of Shao Yong,Zhang Zai,Cheng Hao and Sima Guang.Zhang and Cheng Yi's study for Yi-ology not only directly contributed to the establishment of the system of Guan School and Luo School,but also had a profound impact on the later Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and Wang Fuzhi's Neo-Confucianism.Through comparative research and literature review,this paper comprehensively and systematically analyzes Zhang and Cheng's process of constructing Yi-ology system,and also analyzes the similarities and differences between Zhang and Cheng-Yi studies on the Yi-ology's thought,Yi-ology's annotations and Yi-ology's ideology,in order to remove the misunderstanding and explain the debates between the Guan School andLuo School,replacing the schools debates in the academic history and even the modern times with the scientific argument and the demonstration of academic evidence about Yi-ology.Zhang and Cheng brothers inherited the interpreting the Yi-ology style of Confucius's Yi Zhuan.However,due to the different personal experience,family background,political status and even personality,Zhang and Cheng's thoughts showed obvious differences.From the perspective of textual form,Zhang Zai's Yi-ology thought is mainly reflected in the related articles and part of the quotations of Heng Qu Yi Shuo and Zheng Meng.And Heng Qu Yi Shuo is the material of Zhang Meng.Its important value mainly lies in the annotation of Copulative and the shining spark of thought in annotation process.Its philosophy is more important than its content.For Confucian scholars,the Zhou Yi Cheng Shi Zhuan is a very classic Confucian book that Cheng Yi spent his life time on it.And it is also a successful science work with Cheng Yi's repeated changes and polish.Cheng brothers' quotations and anthology also has a large number of speeches about Yi-ology,which are the ignored literature on the study of Cheng's Yi-ology.From the perspective of the Yi-ology's annotations,both Zhang Zai and Cheng Yi sought to restore the traditional annotation of Confucianism Yi Zhuan,although influenced by Wang Bay's "image-numerology innovation" thought.While they aimed at eliminating Confucianism's study of Confucian classics and metaphysics.In the concrete practice of explaining Yi-ology,Zhang and Cheng referred to thing-in-itself in image-numerology in Yi-ology of Han Dynasty.Cheng Yi focused on explaining the"Tao of advance and retreat of monarch and the subjects" written in Yi Zhuan;while Zhang Zai focused on improving gentleman's doctrines in Yi Zhuan.Zhang and Cheng's Yi-ology inherited Wang Zhu and attached importance to Kong Shu.While the difference is that Zhang Zai annotated briefly ancient Confucian classics,generally inherited indirectly Kong Shu and explained thing-in-itself in Yi-ology.But in the practice of explaining Confucian classics,they greatly differed from each other in selection of examples about concretely explaining thing-in-itself in Yi-ology.Cheng Yi intentionally modified and innovated the examples of explaining Confucian classics thing-in-itself of metaphysics Yi and image-numerology Yi.Zhang Zai especially focused on Copulative,while Cheng Yi especially focused on Xu Gua Zhuan.Zhang Zai took "Tai-xu" as the maximum theme to exert traditional theory of ying-yang qi change,correcting "nothing",excluding "imaginary empty",so as to provide basis of cosmology for Confucius-Yanhui Happiness View.While Cheng Yi increased the concepts in the literatures of the pre-Qin period into the maximum theme of Yi-ology,and discussed the theme of Neo-Confucianism-thing-in-itself of "one origin of thing-in-itself and practice without gap" by mode of Taoism thing-in-itself of four theories of Taoist school,so as to provide basis o thing-in-itself theory for the theory of the Dao of Heaven and human nature of pre-Qin ConfucianismFrom the content point of view,Zhang Zai mostly focused on heaven and earth,secondly focused on the annotations of other 62 guas.Zhang Zai's annotations for Wen Yan and Copulative are the most exhaustive,even though he often state a large segment of his own thoughts,these thoughts are meaningful and very justified.In the explanation of Zhou Yi Cheng Shi Zhuan,firstly he parted Xu Gua Zhuan under the name of Gua,and then explained hexagram-records,chapter of generalization on divination in the Book of Changes,yao words and the small hexagram zhuan.The diction is slightly explained,but the argumentation is extremely detailed.Copulative covers argumentation,image-numerology,which was quoted in the argumentation of Copulative when Cheng Yi explained Confucian classics.And Cheng Yi wrote annotations about Copulative of Yishuo Copulative Explanation.While Shuo Gua Zhuan covers image-numerology,which was ever criticized by Cheng Yi.As far as the style of annotation,because of Yi Zhuan is the classic words of the past Confucius advocated "Guan Yuan De Yi Er Ye" Zhang Zai and Cheng Yi both inherited interpretation style of Yi Zhuan.Zhang Yi focused on morality culture in the argumentation for the purpose of illustrating gentleman's doctrines in Yi Zhuan.Cheng Yi explained Yi-ology by strictly abiding by the succession of teachings from masters to disciples and meeting successive theory,so as to explain the ancient Confucian classics as a repairing and parallel textbook.In the aspect of Yi-ology thought,Zhang Zai explained the Neo-Confucianism concepts including heaven Tao nature and mind with theory of Tai-xu ontology and initially improved the disadvantage of Confucianism of Han and Tang dynasties which disagreed the Dao of Heaven and human nature by combining with mind and nature theory of "On Discussion of Meng Yi Yong".Cheng Yi believed that Neo-Confucianism replaces Tao to become the highest dominator of the perceivable world by intersexuality of Tao and Neo-Confucianism.Cheng Yi thought that Neo-Confucianism is the "secrete"of Copulative,so that he believed that the "secrete" can replace the "nothing" of thing-in-itself of Taoism by metaphysics school.The Neo-Confucianism said by Cheng Yi is not only the root of the perceivable world of a magnificent and changeful prospect,but also the foundation of human order of the respectable and humble,human destiny and value.While the concrete expression of Neo-Confucianism contains ying,yang,fullness,empty,dynamic,static,bending,stretching,alternation,change,and the respectable,humble,high,low,the governed and turbulent,etc..Zhang Zai took "Tai-xu is Qi" as the theme,while Cheng Yi took "one origin of thing-in-itself and practice without gap" as the theme,to explain creatively Three Cai(heaven,earth and human)and ying yang,hard terms and soft terms,kindheartedness and justice,etc.of Tao of Three Cai.And they also creatively the Dao of Heaven and human nature of pre-Qin Confucianism by illustrating the three themes in Yi-ology including "Tao contains one Ying and one Yang.""The metaphysical is Tao,while the the physics is matter."Thoroughly investigating the rules of the world and clearly understanding all the natures of human to change or achieve human's destiny where human can freely and totally get well along with nature" but the difference is that Zhang Zai illustrated Tao with qi,nature with unification of empty and qi,mind with unification of nature and perception,and he explained metaphysical and physics with tangibleness and intangibleness,and he believed that the three themes in Yi-ology including "Tao contains one Ying and one Yang."“The metaphysical is Tao,while the the physics is matter."Thoroughly investigating the rules of the world and clearly understanding all the natures of human to change or achieve human's destiny where human can freely and totally get well along with nature",must not be uniformed into one.While Cheng Yi believed that the Neo-Confucianism themes including Tao,Neo-Confucianism,nature,destiny,mind,spirit,etc."indeed are into one" from the aspect of theory of Neo-Confucianism one ontology,he thought that the three themes in Yi-ology including "Tao contains one Ying and one Yang.""The metaphysical is Tao,while the the physics is matter."Thoroughly investigating the rules of the world and clearly understanding all the natures of human to change or achieve human's destiny where human can freely and totally get well along with nature","must be uniform".Zhang and Cheng's Yi-ology philosophies state the construction of the theory of nature and mandate from the perspective of metaphysics,which successfully dealt with the impact brought by Buddhism and Taoism morality theory to Confucianism.Later scholars were attracted by the theory of nature and mandate from Neo-Confucianism and gradually stay away from Buddhism and Taoism,making the appeal of the two religions gradually decline and tend to decline after the Song and Ming dynasties.Obviously,this is inseparable from the success of Confucianism innovation by rationalists.Zhang Zai died in earlier,many Guan School disciples later mainly learn from Cheng brothers.There were many second-disciples from Cheng brothers.In the Southern Song Dynasty,after Zhu Xi's comprehensive study,Luo School gradually become Confucianism mainstream.Cheng and Zhu's neo-Confucianism became the ideological system that led the mainstream ideology of the late feudal society in China,and Zhang Zai's philosophy was attached to basically preserve.However,Zhang Zai's thought is profound and unique.It is a crystallization of theoretical innovation based on independent thinking.For today's academic circles,his innovative spirit and thinking still have profound enlightenment significance and reference value.Accurately speaking,Cheng brothers'subtle difference on thoughts,and the status of Zhang and Cheng in the history of Yi-ology,and their influence on the development of Yi-ology in later generations all belong to target topic,however this paper study very less about them,which will be further deepened and refined studied in the future. |
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