The Philosophical World In Min Bao

Because of the emergence and development of modern newspapers in China,the media of Chinese philosophy had an epoch-making change.Hence,the modern newspapers had established close ties with the development of Chinese philosophy in the 20th century,and promoted the modern transformation and the traditional updates of Chinese philosophy.Therefore,the modern press are important texts of the 20th century Chinese philosophy research.Min-pao(People's journal),the institutional publication of the United League of China,was the most influential thoughtful newspaper about current politics in the first decade of the 20th century,and had an intimate connection with the development of Chinese philosophy in the 20th century.Among the writers of Min-pao(People's journal),there were a group of revolutionary thinkers and propagandists,such as Sun Yat-sen,Chu Zhi-xin,Ch'en T'ien-hua,Hu Han-min,Wang Ching-wei,and so on.It also gathered a group of learned scholars of Confucian Classics,who also engaged themselves in various reforms,such as Chang Ping-lin,Liu Shih-p'ei,and so on.When the ideological group advocated the "Three People's Principles" revolutionary program to answer the great question "Whither China",they had developed special reflections and discussions which not only directly related to the political philosophy,but also related to the issues about history and culture,and even rose to the height of epistemology and ontology.For example,it is in Min-pao(People's journal)that Chang Ping-lin established his own ontological system.Therefore,this paper will take Min-pao(People's journal)as an object of philosophical research.By extracting and analyzing the philosophical world in Min-pao(People's journal),the first decade of the 20th century may be understood deeply from a special perspective,and close relationship between Min-pao(People's journal)and the development of Chinese philosophy in the 20th century can also be presented.This paper will be divided into six chapters.Chapter one will mainly discuss the exploration of Min-pao(Peoples journal)on the national state problem.In the first decade of the 20th century,in the face of the crisis of national subjugation and genocide,the construction of a national state greatly concerned Chinese people,and was discussed extensively by them.About this topic,Min-pao(People's journal)had extensive and in-depth discussions.Sun Yat-sen formed a national state theory as the core of the "Three People's Principles".Ch'en T'ien-hua formed the anti-imperialist and anti-authoritarian democratic revolutionary proposition.Chang Ping-lin established a special theory of nation-building on the basis of the strong disagreement with the representative system.Wang Jingwei distinctively advocated that a state should be found with"manchu-eliminating".The discussions in Min-pao(People'sjournal),with respect to the construction of a national state,caused Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's refutation,who was the chief editor of Hsin-min ts 'ung-pao.Whether China should found a state with"manchu-eliminating" or "manchu-uniting",and whether the democratic republic was feasible in China,was argued intensely by above both sides.The debate not only amended the revolutionaries' national state theory,but also made it be deeply rooted among the people.So,the discussions about the national state in Min-pao(People's journal)promoted the formation of the modern national state theory in the first decade of the 20th century,and inspired the later thinkers and revolutionaries to achieve more.Chapter two will mainly analyze the discussions about revolution in Min-pao(People's journal).Revolution was a main theme in the first decade of the 20th century.When the Revolutionary thinkers devoted themselves to the revolutionary propaganda,they not only activated the reasonable connotation of the ancient concept,but also absorbed the western modern revolutionary theory,hence a new idea of revolution was formed in China.It was in Min-pao(People's journal)that Sun Yat-sen formed the Three People's Revolutionary Program,which deepened and enriched the concept revolution in China gradually.Ch'en T'ien-hua distinguished the"national revolution" from the "heroic revolution",which represented a deep understanding of the nature,the goal and the future of the modern revolution.At the same time,Chu Zhi-xin made a distinction between the "political revolution" and the"social revolution",which expressed the pursuit of political equality and economic equality of modern revolution.While Chang Ping-lin's interpretation of the relationship between revolution and morality reflected the different value pursuit of the modern and the ancient revolution.The revolutionary propaganda and thinking of Min-pao(People's journal),marked the transformation and leap of Chinese people in the concept revolution,and realized the transformation of the concept of Chinese revolution from ancient form to modern form.Chapter three mainly discusses the People's Livehood in Min-pao(People's journal).It was in Min-pao(People's journal)that Sun Yat-sen expressed the People's Livehood,which showed Sun Yat-sen,s special thinking of the road of China's modernization,clearly for the first time.The People's Livehood represented the revolutionary party's pursuit of equality with the equalization of land ownership at the core.Sun Yat-sen advocated that China should carry out the social revolution and the political revolution at the same time against the capitalist social problems,which caused a heated debate on the People's Livehood between the writers of Min-pao(Peopled journal)and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's,the chief editor of Hsin-min ts 'ung-pao.Through the controversy,the revolutionaries further demonstrated that the social revolution is necessary,feasible and can-do.As Sun Yat-sen regarded the People's Livelihood as Socialism,he especially respected Marxism while advocating socialism,which caused a much more extensive translation and dissemination of Min-pao(People's journal)on Marxism than before.The discussion about the People's Livehood was the revolutionary party's preliminary thinking about China's modernization.This thought was inherited and developed by later Chinese Marxists,and became an important part of the New Democracy.Chapter four will mainly discuss the relationship between Chinese and western cultures.During the decade before the Revolution of 1911,there was a new feature of the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures,i.e.a coexistence and mutual independence of each other,which was showed in Min-pao(People's journal)'s discussions on the issue.The Writers of Min-pao(People's journal)actively advocated the advancement and scientificity of Western political doctrines,for example,Sun Yat-sen suggested that we should "emulate the best examples outside" and introduce the political theories and political system in Min-pao(People's journal).In the meantime,populists,Chang Ping-lin was a typical representative of whom,dealed with the impact of western culture rationally and approved the meaning and value of traditional Chinese culture,so they put forward the idea of the"conservation of chinese essence".The coexistence of the above both opinions,emulating the western learning and preserving the national essence,promoted the development of the view on western and Chinese cultures in the early 20th century,influenced the debate on the view on western and Chinese cultures around the May 4th Movement,and promoted transformation of the view on western and Chinese cultures from pre-modem form to modern form.Chapter five will mainly discuss the conception of history in Min-pao(People's journal).During the decade before the Revolution of 1911,there were three different opinions,such as the reformists' view of a gradual evolution,the revolutionaries' radical view of evolution,and the anarchists' view of mutual-aid evolution.The second one had been comprehensively expressed in Min-pao(People's journal),the writers of which regarded the evolution as an axiom and argued the legitimacy,the rationality and the necessity of the revolution.Additionally,they pointed out the positive role of human power in the process of revolutionary evolution emphatically,and suggested exerting people's evolutionary willpower to accelerate the evolution.Meanwhile,Chang Ping-lin began to question the theory of linear upward evolution and put forward a special theory of evolution,that is the two-way evolution.Based on the two-way evolution,he criticized the Western political system,approved the value of Chinese traditional culture,and advocated the reconstruction of revolutionary morality.The revolutionaries'radical view of evolution was suitable for the requirements of saving the nation in the era,and the two-way evolution was a reflection and revision of the radical view of evolution,which found the first gap of the scientism and initiated the humanism in the 20th century China.The discussions on the view of evolution in Min-pao(People's journal)had improved the theory to a new level.Chapter six will mainly analyze Chang Ping-lin's ontological system.The discussions on the topic "Whither China" in Min-pao(People's journal)had reached the ontological realm,the appearance of which was Chang Ping-lin's philosophy expressed in the essay named "On Tathata",which construct an ontological system on the basis of "Eight Consciousnesses","the Three Original Natures" and "Four Aspects".The ontology treated the universe as lack of self nature,and only the appearance of the will and the Tathata.In this way,the philosophy promoted the subjectivity of human and the evolutionary moral principle,i.e.self dependence.Chang Ping-lin tried to reshape the national morality,rebuild the foundation of modern moral metaphysics,but failed.It is no doubt that the failure is closely related to the inherent contradictions and shortcomings of the ontological system.However,the ontology "On Tathata" inspired the later thinkers to explore the truth follow this logic.So,it was an important part of the development of Chinese ontology in the 20th century.Through the above discussion,Min-pao(People's journal),as a text of Chinese philosophy in the 20th century,has its own unique theoretical value and practical significance.The philosophical discussions in Min-pao(People's journal)had promoted the modern transformation of Chinese philosophy in the 20th century,and represented the close relationship between modern newspapers and philosophy,and showed the intrinsic tension between academic horizon and political horizon,which has a great significance to deepen the study of Chinese philosophy in the 20th century.