| The research backgroundRural left-behind children are a special vulnerable group created in the context of the times.The huge wave of migrant workers has created a large number of left-behind children,most of which are grand-parenting left-behind children.Therefore,grand-parenting left-behind children is a group that cannot be ignored.Due to the lack of family rearing function,they have to face more risks,pressure and even adversity than other children.The problem of left-behind children has a profound impact on the development of China's rural socio-economic culture.With the advent of positive psychology,scholars have shifted their research perspective from a problem perspective to an understanding of life from the perspective of individual advantages and resource utilization,that is,by understanding their potential and facing adversity with a positive attitude.Scholars call children's power to overcome adversity such as adverse life events as stress resistance,and emphasize the role of positive factors in vulnerable groups.Facing adversity,awakening the resilience of deep sleep,activating the potential of life,and mobilizing internal and external resources to actively cope with it,it is possible to get a good adaptation result.In a word,rural left-behind children are a special disadvantaged group created under the background of an era.Rural left-behind children are indeed in a disadvantaged living environment,and the theory of resilience also provides an intervention perspective to help them overcome difficulties and grow up healthily.This is the purpose and value of this study.Research purposesThe purpose of this study is to make use of the dominant perspective of the theory of resilience and the theory of social ecosystem.Through in-depth interview and questionnaire survey,the author studied the anti-stress level and its influencing factors of the left-behind children under the care of other generations.The ultimate goal is to put forward the anti-stress improvement plan to serve the healthy growth of left-behind children.1.Taking the left-behind children as a subjective and active social group in the social ecosystem as the research object,understand the living construction of left-behind children who are reared in the next generation under the conditions of left-behind,with the help of social ecosystem theory analyze their individual traits and external environmental risk and protective factors of ecological system how to carry out interaction to reveal the generation and development of their resilience;2.Establish the theoretical hypothesis of resilience through the grounded theoretical research methods in qualitative research,analyze the current state of resilience and its influencing factors of inter-generational left-behind children through quantitative research on questionnaire data,and propose strategies for improving resilience,so as to provide reference for the healthy development and resilience cultivation of left-behind children.Materials and MethodsThis article mainly adopts a research method that combines qualitative and quantitative research.First,we chose to conduct a semi-structured in-depth interview in Jiangji Town,Ningyang County.The interview was recorded and transcribed into text materials.The interviewees included left-behind children and their guardians,teachers,and neighbors.A total of 37 left-behind children were interviewed,reaching theoretical saturation.Then,a questionnaire survey was used to collect primary data on the resilience level of left-behind children for quantitative research.This survey uses a 4-stage probability-to-scale(PPS)sampling method.Seven counties and cities in the whole province were selected as sample survey sites.Each county and city selected one junior high school and one primary school.The number of grades,grades,and classes is taken from the administrative class,and then sampled according to the ratio of left-behind and non-left-behind children 1:1.A total of 4,191 children were sampled in the survey,including 3,447 rural children and 744 urban children;2085 males and 2,106 females;2191 left-behind children and 2,000 non-left-behind children.Among the sample left-behind children,there were 1,324 children monitored by mothers alone,accounting for 60.43%of the total sample size of left-behind children;145 children were monitored by fathers alone,accounting for 6.62%of the total sample size of left-behind children;722 people,accounting for 32.95%of the total sample size of left-behind children.This research analyzes the text of interviews through grounded theoretical research methods in qualitative research,analyzes hot words by visualizing text clouds,and constructs a theoretical model for the resilience of left-behind children.Using paper questionnaires and questionnaires stars and so on to obtain first-hand questionnaires data materials;After cleaning the data,use Prism 7,Arc GIS 10.0,Geo Da 1.4.6 for drawing;use Nvivo 1.2,ywordle2.0 analysis software for qualitative analysis and visual text cloud analysis;use SPSS 22.0 for descriptive statistics,hypothesis testing,Analysis of variance,construction of ordered regression model,construction of structural equation model with the help of Amos 22.0 to analyze the generation of stress resistance and its influencing factors.Main findings1.The overall size of left-behind children is declining.The national statistical bulletin on the development of education shows that the number of rural left-behind children attending compulsory education nationwide has dropped from 22.7151 million in 2010 to 15.0556 million in 2017.The number of rural left-behind children attending compulsory education in Shandong Province decreased from 11.107 million in 2012 to 89,900 in 2018.The data in the report are inconsistent with the data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs.Part of the decline is due to changes in the statistical caliber,and another reason is that the state has introduced a series of policies to care for left-behind children,encouraging mothers to take care of their children at home.This part of left-behind children will not be counted.2.The proportion of rearing left-behind children across generations is on the decline.In 2018,96%of the 6.97 million left-behind children found in the nationwide survey were taken care of by grandparents or grandparents.In 2016,94.72%of the 142,000 left-behind children surveyed in Shandong province were monitored by grandparents.The sample of 2191 left-behind children in the second survey included 722 left-behind children in inter-generational supervision,accounting for 32.95%of the total sample of left-behind children.The change in the proportion of rearing left-behind children across generations also reflects the implementation of the national care system.Encouraging mothers to take care of their children at home has achieved remarkable results,which is conducive to the healthy growth of children.3."Staying behind" is a risk factor for resilience.The total resilience level of 4,191 children was 4.055 points,higher than the left-behind children's 3.974 points and lower than the non-left-behind children's 4.143 points.The total level of resilience of left-behind children and their five factors are lower than those of the total sample and non-left-behind children,and the average of non-left-behind children is the highest.Risk factors.This is in line with expected research conclusions.4.Individual demographic characteristics have a significant impact on the level of resilience.(1)Urban-rural differences:There is no significant urban-rural difference in the level of resilience of left-behind children;(2)Gender differences:The level of resilience of rural left-behind girls is higher than that of boys;the gender difference of the level of resilience of urban left-behind children is not significant;(3)Age difference:The average "resilience to stress" of rural left-behind children in the compulsory education stage presents an "M"-type development and change trend.The lower grades of primary schools are lower,and the fourth grade has reached a high point,and the fifth grade has declined.After the senior year,the first grade,the fifth grade,and the ninth grade also showed a low point,and the ninth grade was the lowest.(4)Differences in the only child:There is no significant difference in the level of resilience among the left-behind children when they are divided into urban and rural areas and gender(5)Personal expectations:Rural left-behind children have higher educational expectations,clearer learning goals and ideals,and higher levels of resilience than urban ones;the highest career expectations of rural left-behind children are "teachers,doctors,lawyers";The vast majority of rural left-behind children want to stay in big cities and yearn for superior,more convenient and more developed big city life,and they have a higher level of resilience.(6)Hobbies:Based on their own personalities,left-behind girls actively cultivate their hobbies of "vocal music/singing/dance/performance" and "painting/anime",and left-behind boys actively cultivate their hobbies of "painting/anime" and "sports Through these hobbies can increase the chance to communicate with companion,strengthen friendships,and increase self-confidence.But it is not necessarily that the more hobbies,the better.It is best to focus on 2-3.5.The left-behind situation has a significant impact on the level of adverse force.(1)Length of left-behind:Separation of 1-2 years is a key period in the relationship between left-behind children and their parents,and it has the most significant impact on raising left-behind children between generations.After more than 2 years,the attachment between left-behind children and their parents will decline.(2)Reunion frequency:As the time interval for reunion with parents shortens and the reunion frequency increases,the total resilience of left-behind children rises,but it is a turning point to "reunite once a year" with parents.(3)Working distance:It has a significant impact on raising left-behind children between generations,but it is not that the farther away the working distance is,the lower the resilience level is.The anti-aggression level of working in other counties is lower than that of other provinces,and the impact on the number of left-behind boys is greater than that of left--behind girls.6.The level of resilience of rearing left-behind children by inter-generational parents is not the lowest.There is no statistically significant difference in the level of resilience between rural left-behind children and other care-giving children,that it the development of the physical,psychological,behavioral,and health development of rural left-behind children is not as bad as described in the literature.However,due to the limitation of the ancestors' supervision and counseling ability,the average academic level of the left-behind children raised by the next generation is lower than that of other types of guardianship.7.The main influencing factors of stress resilience(1)Family network support:The difference in resilience level of left-behind children caused by family economic conditions is statistically significant,and left-behind girls are more sensitive than left-behind boys;family relationships are positively related to the level of resilience,that is,the better the family relationship,the higher the resilience level;the left-behind children under the "democratic"parenting mode have a high level of resilience;family expectations have a significant positive correlation with personal expectations;the human capital attributes of parents affect the level of resilience of left-behind children,especially their academics adaptability.The resilience level of left-behind children whose parents are at the"university level or above" level is not the highest,but the "high school" level is higher.The occupational category of the parents is "organization,enterprise,and enterprise leadership." The overall level of resilience is generally low.(2)School network support:There is a significant positive correlation between school network support and the overall level of resilience and its five factors.As an important place for learning,living and growing up,schools,standardized school management,good teacher-student relations,peer encouragement and praise can enhance the school identity of left-behind children,thus motivating participation and finding a sense of school belonging and self-identity.It can promote the formation of counter-force.(3)Social network support:There is a positive correlation between the social network support and the Spearman rank correlation of resilience level.The community's comprehensive community support and public service level,the care and support of community organizations,the harmonious relations between neighbors,the honest customs,and the left-behind children can find a sense of community security and belonging,and it can promote the formation of resilience.(4)Constructing structural equation model estimates show that the main influential factor in the social ecosystem is the family support system(standardized path coefficient 0.87),followed by the individual traits system(standardized path coefficient 0.34),and again the school support system(standardized path coefficient 0.20),the final community support system(standardized path factor 0.15).Main conclusion1.The theory of resilience based on the perspective of advantage has more positive significance in the study of the life construction of rearing left-behind children.Grounded theory research methods can dig out the logical theoretical construction of resilience generation.2."Left-behind" is a risk factor for the generation of resilience,and the level of resilience of left-behind children is lower than that of non-left-behind children.The separation of 1-2 years is a critical period in the attachment of left-behind children to their parents,and it has the most significant effect on raising left-behind children across generations.Girls are more likely to overcome the effects of separation from their parents than boys,and adapt more quickly.3.There is no statistically significant difference in the level of resilience of left-behind children reared in rural generations compared with other left-behind children in other types of care.However,due to the limitation of grandparents'supervision and counseling ability,the average academic grade of left-behind children raised by Yang generation is the lowest compared with other types of supervision.4.Micro-systems(individual traits)are the core elements of resilience generation.,middle systems(family),external systems(schools),and macro-systems(communities)and other environmental ecosystems are external protective factors for resilience generation.Among them,family support plays a pivotal role in the generation of resilience of retained children,with the greatest impact;second is individual traits,which is the core foundation of resilience;again,school support,peer support,and community support are important protective factors for the generation of resilience and play a positive role in promoting.Resilience Enhancement StrategyTo realize the integrated delivery mechanism of left-behind children's services,various system services need to be carried out to support left-behind children in different generations.Family,school,community,and society communicate and cooperate with each other to form a conducive to the development of resilience of left-behind children in rural generations.Social cultural context and atmosphere,forming a strong social support service system,thereby helping them to improve their resilience.The integration formed the "Integrated Delivery System for Improving Resilience of Rearing Left-behind Children in Rural Generations",and proposed a strategy for improving resilience under its guidance:1.Individual resilience improvement strategies:cultivate positive personality and improve the optimism of left-behind children;actively integrate into the environment to cultivate the left-behind children's sense of belonging;focus on emotional regulation and improve the left-behind children's sense of effectiveness;introduce extended training to resilience In the promotion strategy,give play to the unique advantages of experiential training,promote left-behind children to challenge themselves,build self-confidence,unite and cooperate with the spirit and willpower,and improve their resilience.2.Strategies for improving the resilience of the family system environment:improving family parenting styles;strengthening parent-child emotional communication;creating harmonious family relationships;and optimizing migrant labor strategies.3.Strategies for improving the resilience of the school system environment:enhancing education concepts;cultivating education ecology;strengthening communication between teachers and students;strengthening home-school communication;supplementing the teaching staff;adding resilience courses;building a culture of resilience.4.Strategies for improving the environmental resilience of the community system:creating a safe and friendly community environment;improving basic public service facilities;establishing a linkage mechanism for care and care;developing community cultural and recreational activities;and improving community social work services.5.Social macro-environment resilience improvement strategy:implementing policy guidance and taking care of it;developing the local economy and advocating for nearby employment;carrying out employment training and building a service platform;standardizing the media and purifying the atmosphere of public opinion.Innovation and deficiency1.Innovation point(1)Breakthrough in research perspective.Pioneering and systematically,the special group of rearing left-behind children in rural areas is taken as the research object.and taking the theory of resilience and the theory of social ecosystem as the analytical framework from the perspective of superiority,it has a positive meaning.(2)breakthrough in evaluating and measuring table.Based on the construction of the grounded theory,this paper summarizes,summarizes,and standardizes the stress-resistance evaluation form for rural left-behind children based on cultural traditions in China,and passes the reliability and validity test.(3)breakthroughs in research methods.Comprehensive application of qualitative and quantitative research,especially the first application of grounded theory research method and visual word cloud analysis in interview data.For the first time,outward bound training was introduced into resilience improvement strategies.2.InsufficientDue to the constraints of my own theoretical level,knowledge reserve,research horizon and method application,etc.,there are some deficiencies in the research:(1)The research data are cross-sectional data,and cohort studies cannot be conducted from a full life cycle perspective.The grounded theoretical research of in-depth interview materials can make up for this deficiency to a certain extent.(2)The conclusions of the research are all based on primary survey data and may differ from the actual situation.(3)The theoretical construction model based on grounded theory research method needs to be further improved and improved. |
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