Epidemiological Study On Some Risk Factors Of Cardiovascular Disease In Middle Aged And Elderly People

PurposeCardiovascular disease(CAD)is prime cause of death in the world.Prevention of CAD earlier become very important.The risk factors of CAD include hypertension,type 2 diabetes,hyperlipemia,lack of exercise,overweight/obesity and smoking.People will be benefit from studies which focus on these risk factors of CAD.Several lipid-related hormones and peptides,such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and leptin,are involved in the regulation of taste and smell function.However,to our knowledge,it remains unknown whether these chemosensory functions are associated with lipid profiles.We examined the cross-sectional association between taste and smell dysfunction and blood cholesterol concentrations.The American Heart Association(AHA)proposed a definition of 4cardiovascular health behaviours and 3 health factors.On the basis of the 7 metrics,the cardiovascular health score(CHS)was used to estimate individual-level changes in cardiovascular health status.The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in CHS(?CHS)at different time-points are associated with atherosclerosis progression in middle-aged and older persons.The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the altered ideal cardiovascular health status(DCHS)and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in the Kailuan population of China.MethodsWith the use of a questionnaire,we assessed chronic smell and taste dysfunction in 12,627 Chinese participants(10,418 men and 2209 women;mean age: 54.4 y)who did not take hypolipidemic agents.Participants were categorized into 3 groups based on the number of smell and taste dysfunctions,ranging from 0(best)to 2(worst).A general linear model was used to test differences in serum concentrations of total cholesterol,LDL cholesterol,HDL cholesterol,and triglycerides(TGs)across groups with different smell and taste status after adjusting for age,sex,education,occupation,smoking,drinking,obesity,and history of cardiovascular disease,cancer,and head injury.We defined 8 groups(?-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2 and ?3)according to ?CHS.The impact of ? CHS on the change of brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity(?baPWV)and atherosclerosis progression was analysed.Participants: A total of 3951 individuals met the inclusion criteria(?40 years old;no history of stroke,transient ischaemic attack or myocardial infarction)and had complete information.We included 50,656 Chinese adults aged 18 years or older(11,704 men and38,952 women)without baseline diabetes mellitus in this study.Information about 7individual components of the cardiovascular health metrics during 2006 to 2008 was collected.A ?CHS score was defined as the changes of ideal cardiovascular health status(CHS)from the year 2006 to 2008.New-onset diabetes was identified based on the history of diabetes,currently treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents,or having a fasting blood glucose concentration ?7.0mmol/L during the 2010 to 2011 and 2012 to 2013 surveys.After a mean follow-up period of 3.80 years,a total of3071(6.06%)participants developed diabetes mellitus.Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the CHS change and new-onset diabetes.Results1.The prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction was 2.4% and 1.2%,respectively.Worse smell and taste dysfunction was associated with higher total cholesterol concentrations(P-trend = 0.005).No significant differences were observed in LDL cholesterol,HDL cholesterol,and TG concentrations across groups with different numbers of chemosensory dysfunctions(P-trend > 0.1 for all).The associations between chemosensory dysfunction and total cholesterol concentrations were more pronounced in participants aged#60 y and in thosewho were nonsmokers relative to their counterparts(P-interaction < 0.05 for all).2.?baPWV decreased gradually(126.46 ±355.91,78.4±343.81,69.6±316.27,49.59±287.57,57.07±261.17,40.45±264.27,37.45±283.26 and 21.66 ±264.17 cm/s,respectively)with increasing ? CHS(p for trend<0.05).Multivariate linear regression analysis suggested a negative relationship between these 2 variables,which persisted after adjustment for other risk factors.Each increase in CHS was associated with a reduced baPWV for 15.22 cm/s(B value-15.22,p<0.001).3.A strong inverse association between the positive CHS changes and lower risks of developing diabetes mellitus was observed.After adjusting for age,sex,alcohol consumption,and other potential confounders,the hazard ratios for new-onset diabetes were 0.73,0.59,0.49,and 0.42(95% confidence interval: 0.37–0.82;P trend<0.001)for those who met DCHS=-1,0,1,and ?2,respectively,compared with the participants with ?CHS?-2.Conclusions1.In this large cross-sectional study,chemosensory dysfunction was associatedwith higher serum total cholesterol concentrations among Chinese adults.Prospective studies are needed to investigate the temporal relation between these chemosensory dysfunctions and hypercholesterolemia.2.? CHS were negatively related to ? baPWV,which proved to be an independent predictor of the progression of atherosclerosis in middle-aged and older persons.3.The study concluded that the improved CHS was associated with the reduced risk of developing diabetes mellitus in this investigated Chinese population.