| At present,with clear property rights,contract to the home,allowing flexibility management,implement the disposition and the safeguard of remuneration as the core content of collective forest right system reform has been basically completed,the collective forest land,2.7 billion mu in China has basically completed approval certification,won the right to the contracted management of collective forest land nearly 500 million farmers,in driving rural employment,entrepreneurship,and out of poverty,etc will play a huge role.As the micro behavior subject of forestry economic activities,forest farmers are the behavior decision-making subject of forest land utilization at the most basic level.Through the increase of forestry production input and the rise of forest land circulation price,they can obtain intuitive economic income or improve scale efficiency and increase the income of farmers.Collective forest area is located in the poor mountainous areas,more commonly has a low level of economic development and the dual characteristics of fragile ecological environment as a whole solution to protect the ecological environment and poor areas of poverty,the Chinese government has initiated a series of forestry ecological engineering,and the forestry property rights system reform as the key way and carrier of the forestry development in the new period,changed the past due to the lack of awareness of farmers to protect the ecological environment,living single,pay attention to short-term benefits causes forest transition development phenomenon,farmers living way become diversification,but also brought new problems.After the change,Lin Lin nong natural capital increase,migrant workers led to the human capital reduction,the forestry input underpowered,abandoned phenomenon occurs frequently,and the forest land productivity,due to changes in livelihood of farmers in the forest land use behavior of a series of problems has become the current collective forest region economy sustainable development and protect the ecological environment of the outstanding problems.Previous studies have shown that the response of farmers to economic opportunities is the ultimate factor that drives the change of their behavior towards the utilization of forest land and other natural resources.The nature and structure of livelihood capital determines the forest land use and livelihood strategy behavior decisions of forest farmers,which influences the forest land use behavior of forest farmers and ultimately influences the household income of farmers.Therefore,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the influence mechanism of livelihood capital on the collective forest land use behavior and income of farmers.Farmers as the research object,based on the mountain forest management on the basis of reviewing the related literature at home and abroad,on the basis of farmer behavior theory,livelihood capital theory,theory of factor endowments,and the theory of scale management theory,break forest farmers as a homogeneous whole traditional hypothesis,constructs the livelihood capital affect farmers forest land utilization and the theoretical analysis framework of income.Based on the survey data of 654 households in Shaanxi and Jiangxi,firstly,the livelihood capital was measured by entropy method.Secondly,using the multinomial Logit model,OLS regression analysis,quantile regression model,DEA-Tobit model,multiple linear regression and threshold regression model under the non-agricultural process from the level of livelihood capital and structure of the double perspective deeply discusses the livelihood capital of farmers forest land use mode,use of intensive degrees,use efficiency as well as the impact on farmer income of forestry;Finally,put forward relevant policy Suggestions.The main research conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)Characteristics of farmers in forestry management and utilization of forest land.The research sample analysis shows that the current age of household heads in forestry production is mainly between 40 and 60 years old,and most of them are middle-aged.Forest farmers are not high education,education mainly concentrated in junior high school and below.At present,the number of labor force in forestry production is mainly 2 people or less.The scale distribution of forest land operated by farmers is relatively uniform,covering large,medium and small scales.However,the family income is not high,and most of them are concentrated in the range of 30,000-50,000 yuan.In terms of farmers’ part-time production,56.12% of the survey samples have engaged in forestry part-time production,while only 43.88% of the households have not engaged in forestry part-time production.The problems in the use of forestland by the sample farmers are mainly reflected in the low amount of forestland per capita,low output,low intensive level of forestland use by the farmers,and the efficiency of forestland use to be improved.(2)The overall characteristics of the livelihood capital of farmers in different regions and operation types are obviously different.The natural capital value of farmers in Shaanxi province is slightly higher than that of Jiangxi province,while the human capital,material capital,financial capital and social capital value of farmers in Shaanxi province are slightly lower than that of Jiangxi Province.The total value of livelihood capital of farmers operating in commercial forests is greater than that of farmers operating in public forests.At present,the farmers in the forest region are mainly of weak capital type,accounting for 58.56%,which indicates that the livelihood capital of most farmers in the forest region is at a low level.In terms of the fractal dimension level of livelihood capital,farmers with weak financial capital and weak natural capital accounted for the largest proportion(70.03% and 68.96%,respectively),while farmers with strong natural capital and strong financial capital accounted for the smallest proportion(31.04% and 29.97%,respectively).There are great differences in the level and structure of the livelihood capital of different types of farmers.The differences in the livelihood capital structure are related to the livelihood type characteristics of farmers,and to a certain extent,they are affected by the livelihood capital level value,and such differences will affect the forest land use and income of farmers.(3)Most of the pure forestland households use timber forest management,pure forestland households in the economic forest and bamboo forest use of the proportion is similar,the proportion of economic use of the forest is the smallest.Livelihood capital affects the way farmers use forest land.At the level of capital endowment,human capital,natural capital and financial capital have a great influence on the choice of forest land utilization mode.In terms of capital endowment structure,the dominance of human capital and social capital has a significant effect on farmers’ utilization of forest land.In addition,the impact of livelihood capital heterogeneity on the forest land use patterns of different types of farmers is also different.For example,the dominance of human capital,financial capital and human capital significantly affects the forest land use patterns of pure households.The capital level and capital structure of manpower,nature and finance all have a significant influence on the utilization of forestland of forestland households.The level of human,natural and financial capital had a significant influence on the forest land utilization mode of part-time forestry households,but the livelihood capital structure had no significant influence on it.The dominance of social capital only has a significant influence on the utilization mode of forestland in non-forestland households.(4)At present,the labor intensity of farmers’ woodland management is higher than the capital intensity,which indicates that the woodland management in China is still in the stage of labor intensive management.From the perspective of the types of farmers,the labor and capital intensities of both households were the largest,among which the labor intensities of those households that owned forestry concurrently were the largest(0.492),the capital intensities of those households that owned forestry concurrently were the largest(0.454),followed by the pure forest households,and the capital and labor intensities of those households that owned forestry concurrently were the smallest.Although capital intensive and labor intensive degrees have certain differences between the different types of farmers,but the gap between the two is not too big,such as for forestry and establishment,capital intensive and labor intensive gap is 0.009,which also benefit from the collective forest right system reform to improve the enthusiasm of forestry farmers,but on the whole after collective forest right system reform,the forestry business has not from labor intensive to capital intensive,possible reason is due to the heterogeneity of capital complementary effect and substitution effect between labor and capital,and due to the imperfect of socialization service system of forestry.The level and structure of livelihood capital affect the intensity of forest land utilization of farmers.In addition,the effect of livelihood capital on forest land utilization intensity of different types of farmers varies greatly.(5)The pure technical efficiency of farmers of different commercial forest management types is generally higher than its scale efficiency.In addition,the comprehensive technical efficiency of farmers’ forest management shows great difference in different commercial forest management types.Specifically,the comprehensive efficiency of the timber forest farmers was 0.204,almost twice that of the economic forest farmers,0.121,and the bamboo forest farmers had the lowest comprehensive efficiency,0.096.Livelihood capital levels and structure in different extent,affects the peasant household of forest land use comprehensive technical efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency,and in view of the different ways of forest land use efficiency the influence factors of farmers is different,in particular,operating timber forest farmers production efficiency is mainly affected by the number of the labor force,family housing value,homo habilis,adjust expectations for the future of forest land,etc;The efficiency of farmers operating economic forest is mainly affected by the number of labor force,the number of forest land blocks,financing channels,and the expected adjustment of forest land in the future.The efficiency of bamboo farmers is mainly affected by their education,labor force,number of forest blocks,forest land area,family housing value,financing channels,and the expected adjustment of forest land in the future.(6)Livelihood capital has a direct impact on farmers’ forestry income,which is restricted by the fractal dimension level and structure of livelihood capital.Farmers capital endowment more rich,more help to improve the livelihood of family status,to improve the income of forestry have obvious effect,which was influenced by natural capital and financial capital forestry income of farm household,the income growth has a promoting effect,structure analysis,the dominant advantage of human capital and financial capital by significance test,shows that different capital structure has significant effect to the forestry of farm household income.In addition,the fractal dimension level and structure of livelihood capital have heterogeneous effects on the income of farmers in different forest land utilization modes.There is a nonlinear relationship between human capital and social capital and income.When the human capital is lower than the threshold value 0.521,the human capital has no significant effect on the forestry income of farmers in the forest region;when the human capital is higher than the threshold value 0.521,the human capital has a significant positive effect on the forestry income of farmers in the forest region.In addition,when human capital is higher than the threshold value of 0.521,natural capital can significantly increase the forestry income of farmers in the forest region.Regardless of the value of human capital,financial capital has a significant positive impact on the forestry income of farmers in the forest region.When the social capital is lower than the threshold value of 0.188,the financial capital has no significant effect on increasing the forestry income of farmers in the forest region;when the social capital is higher than the threshold value of 0.188,the financial capital can significantly increase the forestry income of farmers in the forest region.(7)Based on the empirical research results,relevant policy recommendations are put forward.First,it is necessary to give full play to the role of forestry poverty alleviation and improve the forestry income level of farmers;Second,implement differentiated livelihood strategies to optimize the capital structure of farmers’ livelihood;Third,we should rebuild the social relation network of peasant households and give full play to the advantage of social capital.Fourth,attention should be paid to farmers’ perception of forestry policies to create a good forestry production environment;Fifth,we should vigorously promote the transfer of farmers’ forest land and develop appropriate scale management;Sixth,we should constantly improve the supporting measures for forest right reform and focus on improving the financial capital of farmers. |
