Study On The Eco-poverty Reduction Effect Of Grassland Transfer

The changes in grassland management system,the rising cost of livestock production and the implementation of ecological protection policies have made the traditional grassland animal husbandry face the double test of economic development and ecological protection.In the late 1980 s,the pastoral area implemented the “double contracting of grassland and livestock”,giving the herdsmen independent decision-making power for livestock production,and artificially causing the grassland to continue to be fragmented.Subsequently,the abolition of urban and rural population mobility restrictions and the deepening of rural land system reforms have led to an increasingly frequent phenomenon of grassland transfer.Grassland transfer is significantly different from farmland transfer,the latter is to solve the scale of farmland management,while the former is to improve the grassland ecology.The core idea of this study is grassland transfer ? ecological improvement ? ecological povertyreduction.That is to say,herdsmen can realize nomadism in a small area through grassland circulation,which is helpful to prolong the recovery time of grassland ecology,adjust the grassland stocking rate,reduce the grassland pressure,and ultimately play a role in improving the pasture ecological environment and increasing herder income.Based on the theory of ecological poverty,the theory of institutional change and the theory of planned behavior,this study enriches the connotation of grassland transfer,and then uses survey data of 427 herdsmen from 14 animal husbandry counties in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia to compare the ecological poverty reduction effect of grassland transfer from subjective and objective aspects.First of all,in the objective analysis,from the perspective of income,compare the impact of different types of grassland transfer on herdsmen's family income.Secondly,from the perspective of ecology,we want to discusses the impact and path of grassland transfer on improving herdsmen's income and grassland ecological environment.Finally,in the subjective analysis,from the perspective of herdsmen's perception,the effect of income increase and ecological improvement is used to characterize the ecological poverty reduction effect of grassland transfer,which helps to comprehensively reflect herdsmen's subjective feelings of grassland transfer effect.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Among the 427 valid samples,120 were involved in grassland transfer,and 307 were not involved in grassland transfer,accounting for 28% and 72% respectively of the total sample,indicating that the participation rate of grassland transfer in the survey samplesis lower than the national farmland transfer level of nearly 30%.Specifically,the number of samples rent-out grassland was 50,and the number of samples rent-in grassland was 70,indicating that the herdsmen are more willing to rent-in pasture.(2)Analysis of herdsmen's grassland transfer behavior: from the perspectives of nomadic change,social differentiation,social security,social trust and other dimensions,Logit model was adopted to discuss the difference of herdsmen's grassland transfer intention and influencing factors.It is found that from the perspective of the willingness,the change of nomadic mode,the change of nomadic mutual aid,the proportion of livestock income and the proportion of the labor have a significant negative impact on the willingness to rent-out of pasture.From the perspective of ecological protection,the perception of social insurance and social care has a significant positive impact on the willingness of herdsmen to participate in reducing livestock and renting grassland,and a significant negative impact on the willingness of herdsmen to participate in extended fence feeding time.Institutional trust has a significant positive impact on the willingness of herdsmen to participate in reducing livestock,renting grassland and extending fence feeding time.Interpersonal trust has a significant positive impact on the willingness to participate in reducing livestock and renting grassland,but has no significant impact on extending fence feeding time.(3)Analysis of the ecological poverty reduction effect of grassland transfer from the perspective of income: according to the classification of the circulation types of whether to rent-out grassland or whether to rent-in grassland,PSM model is used to compare the impact of the circulation types on the household income of herdsmen.At the same time,quantile regression model was used to compare the impact of grassland transfer on the family income at different income levels.The results show that the grassland transfer helps to improve the total income of herdsmen,and the influence of grassland rent-out on the income structure of herdsmen is significantly greater than that of grassland rent-in;the grassland transfer has significant impact on improving the income of herdsmen at different income levels,and the grassland transfer tends to widen the income gap of herdsmen.(4)Analysis of the ecological poverty reduction effect of grassland transfer from the perspective of ecology: based on the ecological perspective,the paper analyzes the regulating effect of grassland pressure on the intermediation of grassland transfer on family income.Studies have shown that renting-in or renting-out pasture can significantly increase herdsmen's income.Grassland pressure mediates the positive impact of grassland transfer on the household income of herders.In the mediating effect of grassland pressure on the income of herdsmen family,the negative regulating effect of ecological degradation is masked.Further exploring the contradiction between empirical results and mechanism analysis,it is found that the transfer of herdsmen's grasslands is mostly based on kinship,geography or policy guidance.Pastoralists are hampered by family ties or weak legal awareness,making it difficult for them to obtain compensation from users for ecologically degraded grasslands.At the same time,the lack of government supervision leads to the reduction of default costs,so that the degradation of grassland can still increase their income.In addition,the upgrading of animal husbandry management lags behind,which limits the improvement space of herdsmen's family income.(5)Analysis of the ecological poverty reduction effect of grassland transfer from the perspective of herdsmen's perception: based on the perception evaluation data of herdsmen on the ecological environment change of grassland transfer and the increase or decrease of family income,OLS regression and Ordered logit models were used to compare the difference of ecological effect evaluation of grassland transfer between herdsmen or agricultural enterprises.The study found that the conversion of pastures only had a significant positive impact on the perceived effect of income increase;the conversion of pastures had a significant positive impact on the income increase effect of pastoralists and the perception of ecological improvement effects,and the perception of ecological improvement effects was more obvious.By transferring grassland and expanding pastures,the herdsmen can effectively match mechanical productivity or labor endowment with grassland scale,which is of great significance for increasing income and alleviating ecological pressure on pasture.Combined with the research conclusion,this study attempts to draw on the experience of farmland transfer market development to put forward countermeasures and suggestions.We emphasize the reform of market-oriented circulation mechanism of double-guarantee grassland from two aspects of stabilizing income and protecting ecology.We think that grassland transfer should take into account ecological security and realize effective connection between grassland transfer and modern animal husbandry.In other words,on the premise of not changing the ownership and contracting relationship of grassland,it is helpful to realize the quasi-market circulation of grassland,and then improve the management of grassland resources,guarantee the livelihood security and ecological security of herdsmen after grassland circulation,and promote the sustainable development of the economy and society of pastoral areas.