| Wide-ridging spacing cultivation is a newly developed wide ridge and sparse plant method,which can promote the quality and yield of greenhouse vegetables and regulate the ecological environment conditions.However,the wide ridge cultivation technology lack of quantitative control indicators,especially the effect of wide ridge cultivation on the growth,development and yield quality of greenhouse tomato was not clear,which led to the failure to fully play the potential of yield and quality increase of greenhouse tomato with wide-ridging spacing cultivation.In this study,take tomato "provence" as test materials,we set up four cultivation ridge distance,1.1 m(T1),1.3 m(T2),1.5 m(T3)and 2.0 m(T4),effects of wide-ridging spacing cultivation on growth,photosynthetic physiological and ecological factors,disease occurs,and the influence of yield and quality of greenhouse tomato in early spring and autumn-winter were systematically studied,in order to provide technical guidance and theoretical basis for greenhouse tomato with wide-ridging spacing cultivation.The main results are as follows:1.Wide-ridging spacing cultivation have the effects on tomato growth and development,with the increase of planting ridge distance,tomato stem diameter,leaf number and root growth index showed a first increasing and then a decreasing trend and indicators of ridge spacing T3 were good,namely the plant stem diameter,leaf number and plant root total length,root surface area,root volume,root average diameter value is the largest.The plant height of tomato in early spring and autumn-winter of control(T1)was the highest,and showed the trend of excessive growth.2.Wide-ridging spacing cultivation have the effects on tomato photosynthetic efficiency.No matter the in early spring or autumn-winter,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and leaf SPAD of tomato were significantly promoted by ridge spacing T3 treatment.Stomatal conductance(Gs)and transpiration rate(Tr)of tomato leaves of T3 treatment were significantly higher than T1 treatment(P<0.05).A tomato photosynthesis model system was designed to investigate the relationship between photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation.The results showed that the dry matter accumulation and root distribution coefficient were exponential,and decreased with the increase of radiant heat deposition.The distribution coefficient of stem decreased gradually.Leaf distribution coefficient increased significantly at seedling stage,but decreased after flowering stage.The fruit distribution coefficient begins to appear in the flowering period and tends to dominate in the mature period.3.Wide-ridging spacing cultivation have the effects on tomato ecological factors,with the increase of ridge spacing,tomato canopy temperature,5 cm ground temperature,CO2 concentration in the day and light intensity gradually rose,the most significant role to the various index of ridge spacing T4 treatment,namely canopy temperature,ground temperature,CO2 concentration and light intensity the highest in the day,and the minimum relative humidity.The difference of light intensity between the every ridge spacing treatment and T1 treatment reached a significant level(P<0.05).For the ridge spacing T4,the daytime temperature was too high and lasted for a long time,exceeding the temperature of optimal photosynthesis of tomato.Therefore,the ecological environment of ridge spacing T3 treatment was favorable for photosynthesis and growth of plants in broad ridge treatment.4.Wide-ridging spacing cultivation have the effects on tomato disease incidence and disease index,it showed that the influence of tomato grey mould and early blight,virus disease of both disease plant rate and disease index in order at T1>T2>T3>T4,overall,tomato of early spring lower than autumn-winter,the disease plant rate and disease index of T1 treatment were significantly higher than that of T3 and T4 treatment(P<0.05).The results showed that wide-ridging spacing cultivation could effectively reduce the incidence of main disease and improve the safety quality of tomato.5.Wide-ridging spacing cultivation have the effects on tomato yield and quality,the trend showed that the increase of ridge spacing,the quality and yield of greenhouse tomatoes increased significantly.The sugar/acid ratio was the highest with the ridge spacing T3 treatment,while lycopene and hardness were the highest with ridge spacing T4 treatment.The commercial rate of tomatoes treated with the ridge spacing T3 was the highest,with 95.33%in early spring and 94%in autumn-winter respectively,increasing by 12.74%and 30.65%compared with the control.The yield of ridge spacing T3 treatment was the highest,with 90119.92 kg/hm2 in early spring and 80174.19 kg/hm2 in autumn-winter,increasing by 16.87%and 23.82%compared with the control respectively.6.Through the wide ridge cultivation of tomato root transcriptome data differentially expressed gene expression analysis,and combined with the corresponding yield and quality of tomato growth and development data,the result showed that T3 treatment(1.5 m)for the best planting ridge spacing,the expression of genes related chloroplast synthesis and growth were relative highest.Through the above research,it is concluded that properly widened cultivated ridge spacing can increase tomato yield and improve fruit quality.The ridge spacing T3 treatment,that is,ridge width+trench width(80 cm+70 cm),has the best quality and the highest yield.Therefore,suitable cultivated ridge spacing for greenhouse tomato can be popularized and applied in production. |
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