Research On Design Control Of Residential Area In China From An Open Perspective

The urban problems caused by the widespread closure of residential areas have become increasingly prominent and urgently needed to be solved in the context of China's urban development transition from incremental to quality improvement.It is a difficult problem how to deal with the isolated development between residential areas and cities and make it from closed to open,which has been paid close attenation to in the research and practice of residential areas but has not been effectively overcome.Most studies that have been based on an open perspective have focused on the residential area itself and carried out from a design perspective.However,the important role of residential areas in the overall city operation and the potential impact of design control on the design and its output process have not been valued.Therefore,from the dimension of the city and based on an open perspective,research on design control of residential areas is particularly critical in addressing problems and improving the quality of urban space.Responding to the closed problem of residential areas through design control needs to start with understanding the relationship between them.By combing the development process of residential area design control,it was found that the early introduction of foreign theories has implanted a gene characterized by self-improvement for design control.Among them,self-improvement refers to the separation of residential areas from city.Since then,the Code of urban Residential Areas Planning & Design which was implemented for 25 years has further popularized a nationwide inward hierarchical design control framework.Based on this framework,residential areas gradually formed a stable closed form,which confirmed that the closed development and design controls are closely related.At the same time,the Standard for urban residential areas planning and design proposed a new design control framework,marking a new beginning of integrated development of residential areas and cities.On the basis of clear correlation,the crux of the closed problem needs to be further explored from the aspect of design control.The causes of the existing problems are as follows: technical standards emphasize capacity over space,resulting in insufficient space control,lack of internal and external coordination and structural diversity;Planning management emphasize indicators over effectiveness,resulting in low accuracy of space control for residential area,inadequate design review,and checks and balances mechanism is not sound;Development companies emphasize profits over benefit,resulting in standardized space output,building height and shape determined by profit,and boundaries showing territorial characteristics;City dwellers emphasize the individual over the neighborhood,exacerbating the decline in communication consciousness and the improvement of closed identities;Practitioners emphasize output over quality,leading to the lack of stylized output and overall design concept.These problems are essentially due to the singularity of design control in technical standards,the lack of management systems,and the lack of design consultation,publicity and post-vocational education for developers,residents,and practitioners,respectively.The key to cognitive openness is to penetrate into the local living reality and start with the relationship between residential areas and cities.Through empirical research methods,a survey of 16 residential areas nationwide was conducted,and it was found that starting from the overall dimension of the city,the residential area was opened to the outside world from a single dimension of transporta tion,space,and resources.The segregated relationship cannot deal with the problem of closure in a comprehensive manner.The awareness of the openness of residential areas needs to cater to the value orientation of the city's future development.It should be interpreted and constructed from multiple dimensions of material space,facility and resources,construction management environment,and residential concept.The basic premise is to respect the national conditions of local residence.It was discovered that the open perspective should include the progressive connotation of multidimensional opening and relative opening.Based on the establishment of an open perspective,the theoretical framework of residential area design control can be established.The framework is obtained after adaptive adjustment to the current design control.Based on the characteristics of localization of processes,division of subjects,and sel f-organization of content in the operation of current design control,design control integrated with an open perspective needs to be transformed to whole process,subject of collaboration,and content of overall planning.Therefore,a framework for design control of residential areas from an open perspective can be established,including a process layer that contains the whole process,a subject layer that interacts with each other,an element layer that takes overall consideration into account,and a guarantee layer that contains rigid and elastic means.The guidance of each level of the design control framework is based on the operation level,starting from the space and process dimensions.The spatial dimension focuses on the element layer: strengthening the integration,penetration and orderly integration with urban public transportation,slow-moving systems and road grids through the compound darn of the road traffic system in residential areas.With the integrated deployment of functional facilities and systems and integrated into the overall functional structure of the city,the public service balance and the diversity of residential life will be improved in a hierarchical manner.Through the two-way construction of the public space system,the integration with the public space network of the city will be strengthened externally,while the communication activities and spiritual support of the residents will be satisfied internally.Harmonize and shape the building group system to achieve symbiosis with the surrounding city style and space form without losing its own space characteristics.Based on this,relying on the guarantee layer,through the three methods of control,incentives and guidance,the design points are transformed into the conte nt of the guidance and control and an essential guidance toolbox for the design and control of residential areas from an open perspective is formed.The process dimension is supported by the guarantee layer and is developed around the process layer and the subject layer.Firstly,it is necessary to use the establishment of national and local-level regulations to provide a legal guarantee framework for the design control process to operate from an open perspective.Secondly,with the government-industry-industry-research-user mechanism,the four-meeting mechanism and the platform review mechanism,multi-subject and multi-professional joint decision-making and collaboration are strengthened in the whole process,and the design review is enhanced while enhancing the procedures.In addition,flexible support such as providing whole-process design consultation to developers,continuing education for managers and practitioners,and publicity guidance and promotion for residents can be adopted to strengthen support for process operation.By combining the above-mentioned rigidity and elasticity means,a process management toolkit for residential area design control from open perspective can be obtained.The two toolboxes are based on the premise of coping with the real predicament of residential area construction and management,and systematically promote the integrated development of residential areas and city from the city level.It has important theoretical and practical significance in promoting the process of opening up residential areas effectively.