Research And Cognition Of Chinese Traditional Composite Mortars

The traditional composite mortar is a kind of organic-inorganic composite cementitious materials.with lime as a basic material.organic materials such as sticky rice,tung oil.egg white,sugar,and pig blood as additives,and is commonly used in ancient Chinese buildings.This work studies the ancient literature records of Chinese traditional composite mortars,preservation of production process,types of organic additives,application history and application reasons,aiming at a deep understanding of traditional Chinese composite mortar.The main contents and results include:Bibliometric analysis of traditional composite mortars.Based on the CNKI and Web of Science core databases,this article searches and collects the relevant papers on the research and application of traditional composite mortars,and uses the bibliometric methods to statistically analyze publication years,authors,journals,the cited frequency,the impact factor and other article factors.This work compares the research status of traditional composite mortars at home and abroad,and clarifies that the use of organic additives is an important feature of ancient Chinese traditional composite mortar.Collection and research of ancient literatures of traditional composite mortars.Based on the "Chinese Ancient Literatures Basic Database",this work has collected the ancient literatures of traditional composite mortars as comprehensively as possible and tried to translate the content.This article sorted the record period,types of buildings and evaluations of composite mortars such as sticky rice mortar,tung oil mortar,egg white mortar,sugar mortar,blood mortar,and compound mortar for the first time,and clarifies that the records of composite mortar first appeared in the literature of the Northern Song Dynasty.Investigation and research on the existing mortar production process.Through the investigations of a representative traditional lime kiln and a lime slurry workshop in Zhejiang Province,the whole process of lime burning,slaking and aging process was recorded,and interviews of workers were carried out.This work has initially found out the existence of traditional mortar technology.Field investigation and sampling analysis of ancient buildings and sites.This article takes four ancient buildings and sites as examples to describe the investigations and mortar sampling in the past few years.378 ancient mortar samples collected from 159 ancient buildings and sites were tested for organic matters.According to the investigation and test results,the idea of building a traditional composite mortar database was proposed and preliminary tests were carried out.Summary statistics and analysis of organic component test results.Through chemical analvsis.a total of 219 mortar samples from 96 buildings and sites were found to contain one or more organic additives.In this work,the test results are summarized and used to study the application of traditional composite mortar in existing ancient buildings,as well as to compare with the ancient literature records.For the first time,this article has a comprehensive understanding of the application period,region,and types of buildings of ancient composite mortars.Study on the application history of traditional composite mortars.According to the ancient literature records of traditional composite mortar,organic component test results,and other archaeological discoveries and research,this article is the first time to sort out the application history of traditional composite mortar,and to clarify the appearance time(oil,protein:no later than the Warring States period:starch:no later than the Eastern Han Dynasty;sugar:no later than the Five Dynasties;blood:no later than the late Yuan Dynasty).It is speculated that the Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty were the two development peaks in the history of composite mortar,and in the Qing Dynasty the composite mortars declined due to the complicated production processes,high cost and impact of new materials.Discussion on the possible reasons of the use of traditional composite mortars.This study shows that the invention and use of the composite mortars is related to China's geographical position and natural environment.The development of agroforestry provides a material basis for the invention and sustainable development of composite mortar.Organic materials such as sticky rice,egg white,sugar,pig blood,and tung oil have characteristics such as stickiness and water repellency which can be easily recognized by humans,which makes it reasonable to use these organic matters as additives to improve the performance of lime-based mortars.Studies have also shown that the use of organic additives can improve the bonding properties of the mortar and expand the application range.Secondly,the development of traditional composite mortar is consistent with the overall development of ancient Chinese architecture and the architectural culture such as thick funeral culture and hierarchy.Composite mortar is also an important material to achieve the decorative function of ancient buildings.In addition,the use of similar organic materials in other ancient technological processes may have an impact on the use and development of composite mortars.Finally,the use of traditional composite mortars conforms to the traditional Chinese concept of nature,such as the practical concept of adapting to local conditions,making the best use of materials,and the idea of harmony.Traditional composite mortars have also been given social significance such as "loyalty" and "filial piety" in the application process.These cultural ideas have also promoted the application and development of traditional composite mortars.