| Objectives:Road traffic accidents represent a serious public health problem in China.There are many factors affecting the occurrence of traffic accidents,including people,vehicles,roads and weather conditions,and the drivers'factor is the main one.The present study aims to determine the association between the drivers'socio-demographic characteristics,personality traits,mental health and traffic accidents.The structural equation model of socio-demographic characteristics,personality traits and mental health is constructed to clarify the interaction between the three.At the same time,based on the results of previous research,further experiments of 5-HTT knockout mice were carried out in order to clarify the interaction mechanism among social-psychological-genetic factors of drivers'traffic accidents comprehensively.The research results will provide a reference for avoiding and reducing traffic accidents caused by human factor.Methods:?1?This study included 596 drivers who were randomly selected during October 2014 to May 2016,including 295 drivers with traffic accidents and 301drivers without traffic accidents.The drivers'personality traits and mental health were assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?EPQ?and the Symptom Checklist?SCL-90?,and their socio-demographic information was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire.?2?The structural equation model was used to further analyze the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics,personality traits and mental health,and the influence of three latent variables on their own factors,and the interaction among the three.?3?In order to further verify and explore the results and the hypotheses of the previous research,that is,the levels of 5-HT,5-HTP and BDNF in the drivers may be related to psychological behaviors such as depression,anxiety and impulsivity.The model of 5-HTT knockout mice was constructed,including15 mice with 5-HTT+/+?wild-type?,17 mice with 5-HTT+/-?heterozygous knockout?and 15 mice with 5-HTT-/-?homozygous knockout?,a total of 47.Through the behavioral experiments such as the morris water maze,the open-field test,the elevated plus maze,and the rotarod test,the psychological behaviors such as space exploration,learning and memory,motor coordination,and anxiety were evaluated.The levels of 5-HT,5-HTP,CREB and BDNF in serum were measured by ELISA.Results:?1?Drivers aged 26-35 years were 72%less likely to be involved in traffic accidents compared to drivers aged?25 years?OR:0.28,95%CI:0.14-0.59?.Drivers with?2 years driving experience were associated with almost a three-fold increased risk of traffic accidents compared to?21 years driving experience?OR:3.17,95%CI:1.10-9.19?.The OR of monthly income decreased with the increase of income showing that the drivers with lower income had moreopportunitiestohavetrafficaccidents?OR:4.63,95%CI:2.67-8.04;OR:3.57,95%CI:2.04-6.25;OR:3.78,95%CI:2-7.15?;Occasionally drinking drivers and regularly drinking drivers,compared to nondrinkingdrivers,exhibitedahigherriskoftrafficaccidents?OR:2.49,95%CI:1.52-4.07;OR:3.27,95%CI:1.39-7.72?.?2?For personality traits and mental health,extroversion and neuroticism were identified as significant factors associated with traffic accidents?OR:1.26,95%CI:1.15-1.39;OR:1.16,95%CI:1.06-1.27?.Furthermore,somatization increasedeleven-foldriskofdrivers'trafficaccidents?OR:11.19,95%CI:4.56-27.42?.The results revealed that drivers'traffic accidents were mainly affected by specific socio-demographic characteristics,personality traits and mental health,which increase the risk of traffic accidents.?3?The results of the correlation analysis between the socio-demographic of the traffic accident drivers and their personality traits and mental health showed that marital status,monthly income,smoking and drinking were associated with the corresponding personality traits and mental health?P<0.01or P<0.05?.?4?According to the final result of model fitting,the standardized path coefficients between socio-demographic characteristics and personality traits,socio-demographic characteristics and mental health,personality traits and mental health were 0.52,0.32 and 0.38,respectively.In terms of socio-demographic characteristics,the most influential factor is drinking,and the least influential factor is education level,and their standardized path coefficients are 0.74 and-0.16,respectively.In terms of personality traits,the most influential factor is E,and the least influential factor is L,and their standardized path coefficients are 0.77 and 0.19,respectively.In terms of mental health,among the nine factors that reflect mental health,the top five influential factors are anxiety,interpersonal relationship,depression,paranoia and terror.The least influential factor is psychosis,and their standardized path coefficient is0.92,0.81,0.77,0.73,0.70,0.50.All path coefficients were statistically significant?p<0.001?.?5?Socio-demographic characteristics and personality traits have direct effect on mental health.The effect of personality trait?0.38?is more than socio-demographic characteristics?0.32?,and all of which are positive effects.Socio-demographic characteristics has an indirect effect on mental health,and its effect value is 0.20,indicating that socio-demographic characteristics are both direct and indirect variables affecting mental health.The total effect of socio-demographic characteristics on personality traits and mental health is equal to 0.52.?6?The behavioral experiment results are as follows:?1?Morris water maze test results showed that there was no interaction between the treatment group and the different time about the escape latency and the average swimming speed?P>0.05?;The escape latency,average swimming speed,the number of crossing platform,and the retention time during platform quadrant were statistically different among the three groups?P<0.001 or P<0.01?;The average swimming speed,the number of crossing platform,and the retention time during platform quadrant were the lowest in the 5-HTT-/-group,followed by the 5-HTT+/-group,and the 5-HTT+/+group was the highest.But the escape latency of the 5-HTT-/-group was higher than that of the 5-HTT+/+group.And all these difference were statistically significant?P<0.05?.?2?The results of the open field test showed that the number of standing,the number of the central area entry and the retention time of the central area were statistically significant among the three groups?P?0.001?.The pairwise comparison showed that the number of standing,the number of the central area entry and the retention time of the central area in the 5-HTT-/-group were lower than those of the 5-HTT+/-group and the 5-HTT+/+group?P<0.05?.?3?The results of the elevated plus maze showed that the number of open-arm entry,the retention time of the open-arm and the percent of open-arm entries were statistically significant among the three groups?P<0.001?.The pairwise comparison showed that the number of open-arm entry,the retention time of the open-arm and the percent of open-arm entries in 5-HTT-/-group were lower than those of the 5-HTT+/-group and the 5-HTT+/+group?P<0.05?.?4?The results of the rotarod test showed that there was no interaction between the treatment group and the different time about the duration on the rotarod,the rotation distance and the rotation speed when falling?P>0.05?;The duration on the rotarod,the rotation distance and the rotation speed when falling were statistically significant among three groups,and these three indicators also had significant difference in the different time?P<0.05?.The pairwise comparison showed that the duration on the rotarod,the rotation distance and the rotation speed when falling in the 5-HTT-/-group and the 5-HTT+/-group were lower than those in the 5-HTT+/+group on the 1st,2nd,and 5th days?P<0.05?.?7?The levels of 5-HT,5-HTP,BDNF and CREB in the serum among the three groups were statistically significant?P<0.001 or P<0.05?.The results of pairwise comparisons showed that the levels of 5-HT,5-HTP and BDNF of5-HTT-/-group and 5-HTT+/-group were lower than those in 5-HTT+/+group?P<0.05?.The level of CREB in 5-HTT-/-group was lower than that of 5-HTT+/+group?P<0.05?.The levels of 5-HT,5-HTP,BDNF and CREB in the serum were positively correlated with each other.?8?The levels of 5-HT,5-HTP,BDNF and CREB in the serum of the mice were correlated with their corresponding behavioral indicators?P<0.05 or P<0.01?.Conclusions:?1?The driver's traffic accidents are mainly affected by their socio-demographic situation,personality traits and mental health,all of which may increase the risk of traffic accidents.?2?The drivers'socio-demographic characteristics and personality traits have an impact on mental health.The more smoking and drinking,divorcing or widowed,the lower the monthly income,the more extroversion,psychotic and neuroticism,and the mental health problems will be more.?3?The levels of 5-HT,5-HTT and 5-HTP are closely related to the cognitive function and psychological behavior of human or animal.People or animals with lower levels of 5-HT,5-HTT and 5-HTP will increase unhealthy psychological behaviors such as irritability,anxiety and emotional instability.?4?This study validates the previous hypothesis that the lower level of5-HT in serum will lead to lower expression levels of CREB and BDNF proteins in the cAMP signaling pathway,further leading to cognitive and psychological behavior problem,which in turn increases the risk of traffic accidents for drivers. |
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