Research On The Evolution Of Urban Road System In Xi'an In The Republic Of China

During the period of the Republic of China,it was the key period for the city of Xi'an to change from the traditional to the modern,which the ancient city realized the transformation from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization,and the industrial revolution is the fundamental driving force.The steam locomotive vehicle instead of carriage or internal combustion engine as the main content of the change of the mode of transportation,it is not only a technical system change,but also brought a revolution in the cities.The traditional streets have three entities roles:circulation path,public space and building street area.But driven by the industrial revolution,the urban traffic roads had been designed based on the traffic flow and vehicle power,and became the spearheaded change of the urban material entity revolution.Based on the understanding,in order to understand the process of modern transformation in Xi'an during the period of the Republic of China,this paper uses the methods of historical geography and related disciplines theory,to restore the urban road evolution,analysis the management system construction,and study the influence of the dual changes of road entity and management system on relevant people.The first level is to restore the road evolution in Xi 'an,including the development of roads and the construction of road supporting facilities.There are three stages of development of the roads in Xi 'an.The first stage is from 1912 to 1930.In this stage the most important achievement is the construction of the east street,it changed the pattern of urban road traffic,but most of the streets in Xi'an city,were still the traditional streets.The second stag is from 1931 to 1938,which was the most outstanding roads development in the city.The entire city of Xi'an municipal constructions from design to construction,has significant modern color,and most of gravel roads were completed in this stage.The Gravel road constructions,were used for cars and modern transportation infrastructure projects,for the purpose of dividing the market and road,cars and people.The roads had obvious based on traffic flow and vehicle power of modern road design and construction characteristics,it reflects the transition from the traditional street to the modern road.In the third stage,from 1938 to 1949,the main content of the road evolution in xi'an urban area was the construction of cinder roads,built dirt roads and maintenance of existing roads.Shun-cheng and Huan-cheng roads and new urban roads construction were the most outstanding achievements in this stage.After the Anti-Japanese War,although the Xi'an municipality had made some scientific plans of the urban roads construction,but the Kuomintang(KMT)determined to anti-communist civil war,and therefore led to rout,so the urban roads construction plans failed to implementThe road not only includes the various road routes as the main body,but also includes corresponding supporting facilities.In these supporting facilities,urban road drainage facilities,played an important role in road maintenance and urban drainage.The drainage system was different from the traditional drainage system in Xi'an,it had obvious modern transformation significance.Besides drainage systems,street lamps,roadside trees and public toilets were also important supporting facilities for urban roads.Street lamps' using,expanded the road function efficiency in night,it also reduced traffic accidents and Protected the safety of pedestrians.On the one hand,the planting of the trees had the function of retaining water,which could reduce the erosion of the rain water to the road,but also make the road have a greening effect on the function of the road.The establishment of public toilets,on the one hand,provides a great convenience for the public to go to the toilet,and on the other hand,it is also conducive to the cleanliness of the road and the city,and to improve the quality of the road space.The second level is the research on the construction of road management system.The road management system firstly is the management system of the road itself,including the construction of the road management authority and the management process of the system road construction.Through the research,the construction of Xi'an municipal engineering was operated in the capitalist way,and the contract system became the main organizational mode.Related functional departments and management continuously improve rules and regulations,implemented the construction of road before,during and after to effective management,promoted the progress of urban road development in Xi'an greatly.The Xi'an government municipal administration in the city had obvious natures of capitalism.The Road maintenance system as another aspect of the management system construction,played an important role of road function,especially in the later period of the republic of China in Xi'an cityOn the third level,find the influence of the dual changes of road entity and management system on relevant people.The contents of the above two levels,reconstruct and analyze the evolution of the road in the city of Xi'an by the construction of urban material entities and the construction of the humanistic system,However,whether it is physical construction or humanistic system construction,it still plays a role in the people who live in it.The most relevant thing about roads and people's lives is travel.Due to the special conditions and economic and social background of the Republic of China,the buses'development relative lag in Xi'an,and the rickshaw gradually become the main body of public transport,so the rickshaw pullers had become the largest number of workers in the city.The only way to make a living depended on the roads for them.The development of the road in the city of Xi'an promoted the development of the rickshaw pullers.But the expansion of the rickshaw puller brought series of problems to road traffic and urban governance such as management and relief.This level is based on the analysis on the urban road development and growing group of rickshaw pullers evolution process,discovering the problems they bring to urban governance,and by analyzing these solutions,to find the modern transformation of urban governance in Xi'an.Through the analysis of the modern urban transformation of Xi'an in the Republic of China,it can be found that the modern transformation of Xi'an city has evolved from the three aspects of productivity,production relations and superstructure.The use of new mechanical power in the context of industrial revolution has enhanced the ability of Xi'an urban road system construction.Contracting system as the main project construction contracting model,in promoting the construction of urban roads at the same time,but also to promote the development of Xi'an national capitalist industry and commerce.Modern municipal construction and management mechanism,both to promote the city's municipal management of the specialization and independence,but also brought the modern transformation of urban social governance.This study from the material construction to the upper system evolution and the social change has not only brought new ideas for the exploration of historical urban geography from the perspective of modern transformation,but also promoted the historical urban geography and urban social geography.