| The BackgroundWith the rapid development of urban construction in China, the development of urban rail transit system is on a fast track. Although the domestic urban rail transit construction is in full swing, it still does not have much experience in the construction and the management, coupled with financial, social and many other factors, the function of early rail transit construction is relatively simple--mostly for traffic operation-also the functions of urban inner lands is lack of interaction, and stripped from the urban morphology of the entire space, it resulted the urban rail transit has not given full play to the role to intensive use and integrate the urban space. How to make the urban rail transit and the urban spatial form produce the comprehensive benefit together, it a new topic for all urban designers.The development of urban rail transit in foreign countries has more than hundred years' history. The metropolitan such as London, Paris, New York and others have more mature and completed rail traffic system, therefore they studied the influence relationship between the rail traffic system and the urban spatial form much earlier and deeper. Although it can be beneficial to learn from the theoretical issue and construction experience in this field, more important thing is we need to have our theoretical research, and sum up the practice then promote.The PurposeThis paper attempts to comb and research the interaction and influence between the rail traffic system and the urban spatial form, taking the urban rail transit construction in the city of Wuhan as a case, from the medium and micro perspective, starting with the following 3 subjects: ?Railway station setting and street/block space from; ?Rail transit facilities and public space; ?Rail transit nodes and public buildings, study and discuss the elements and theories of the interaction and influence between the rail traffic system and the urban spatial form. It could enrich the related theory of the field in China. Analysis on the case of Wuhan city with the guidance of the theory. Through the analysis of the results and deficiencies of the process of advancing and developing that produced by urban rail transit in Wuhan and urban spatial form, put forward the corresponding considerations and opinions.The methodBy using the method of literature reviews, empirical research, field study, comparison, analysis and induction, discuss the theoretical problem of the interaction and influence between the rail traffic system and the urban spatial form, and analysis based on the practice of urban rail transit construction in Wuhan, to prove the theory and how the theory guide the practice.The ResultThe main conclusions of theoretical research:1. The influence of rail transit on spatial form has the following factors:site, track laying form and network layout, site is the key factor to spread the influence of urban rail transit. The site's entrances and exits are main facilities to attract people and directly linked to the street and the site surrounding the building. The effect of aggregation of the site, it can promote the intensive development of the surrounding land, it can also establish a three-dimensional public space system, then form the sub center; Site economy is also a factor for the city to inject vitality.2. Street space, public space and public building are there elements of space form which effect the rail transit. The type of block, the street of public space and the function/form of public building are playing important roles to effect the rail transit.3. The effect of the interaction between rail transit and spatial configuration, is the result of the interaction of the above-mentioned elements of participation.4. People are the media and receptors of the dose-effect relationship between rail transit and urban space.5. Rail transit complex is a kind of urban spatial form integrated with urban complex, which will be formed along with the development of urban rail transit. In this paper, the existing rail transit complex divided into three ways according to theirs shapes:?Underground expansion;?Three-Dimensional Development; ?Ground divergence. At the same time, this paper presented three elements run inside the traffic complex: ?Entrances and exits; ?Diversion space; ?Passageway?The main conclusions of the case of Wuhan City analysisCompared to only focus on traffic functions in the beginning when Wuhan city had built the rail transit in the form of urban space, now they also think about the relationship between the station and the city, it makes extraordinary progress. The Case of Guanggu New District and the Central Cultural Area of Zhongbei Road, it is a great example to show how Land development in the outer suburbs and transformation of the old city influence each other. This case can also support the conclusions of theoretical research how Rail transit construction and urban spatial form influence each other in this paper.From the standpoint of interaction between rail transit and urban spatial form, Rail transit construction divided into three stages: ?Focus on the construction of traffic function, take the light rail line 1 as the example; ?Combined with the construction of the block function, take the light rail line 2,4 as the example; ?Urban Planning and land use planning as one. Reflects the rapid growth of Wuhan rail transit construction process.1. The light rail line 1 gave priority to their own fluid line when selected the point of connection in the old town, it did not highlight the impact on the spatial shape along the line, or did not seize the opportunity of rail transit construction to do a good job with the construction of urban public space synchronously. A number of bus lines have changed for the line 1 because its inconvenience to transfer, it reflects the role of rail transit construction in urban construction is not in place.2. Subway construction has made obvious progress. The line 2,4 were set up in the main functional blocks in the urban areas, reflects the role of urban function area to guide the site settings, ease the pressure along the ground traffic, and improve the space environment along the street. And the station play a different impact in morphological changes of blocks in different public space.3. The maturity of public space is an important factor affecting the interaction between the two elements on the influence of the shape of the block form. Wuguang Business district is a relatively mature public space, the addition of the subway is not easy to cause the change of its shape, but it led to the establishment of the three-dimensional public space with the site as the core, there has been a new form of urban space; Street area is in the development of public space form, the subway station showed a significant role in promoting functional reorganization and morphological changes in neighborhoods, or even land re-use; for the new town, has better development of land, build a suitable site as the core of the three-dimensional public space system, then make the spatial layout in the development of TOD model, as the being constructed "Guanggu central area"; the planning Yaojialing international cultural district will be built after rail station has been built, using the influence of the existing site, make full use of the integration effect of land use, to get the ideal urban space form. Through the above cases,4 modes of urban public space change influenced by rail transit construction are summarized, the results show that:The higher the maturity of public space, the smaller effects produced by the interaction with rail transit; The higher the maturity of public space, the smaller effects produced by the interaction with the rail transit; The lower the maturity of public space, the bigger effects produced by the interaction with the rail transit.4. Entrance is the main facility of the site to connect the streets and the site surrounding buildings, but the settings of existing entrances and exits have not played a significant role to the re-integration of the surrounding architectural space utilization, reconstruction of peripheral facilities and street landscape. All sites and entrances & exits of Light Rail Line 1 are almost all arranged in the middle of the road, occupy the surrounding public space too much, lack of coordination with the surrounding buildings, accessibility processing has yet to be improved; Subway station entrances are mostly independent set in the street, big massing, Influenced street walking space. This way of independent setting of the entrance and exit of the surrounding is ignored the environment, and the relationship between the urban street and the street buildings is separated from each other, it makes the influence of the site on the shape of the surrounding space to make a discount.5. In the rail transport station, surrounding a number of transformations or new residential areas have been built, shows the subway station can attract people gathered, driving the role of real estate. But this kind of gathering is a simple growth type of the city, if we can plan a traffic node or a new economic node in the places where conditions permit, will be able to reflect better the results of the interaction between rail transport and space form.6. As a result of the interaction between rail transport and space form, traffic complex has not yet formed, Although in the ground planning of Jianghan Road station, the entrance & exit of site and the architecture with integrated functions will incorporate in one, but the location is not connected to the railway terminal and the airport, no connection with a number of lines to form a junction either, its function is limited.7. Planning and construction of the underground space and the integration of land use to actually implemented, can Strengthening the protection of historic districts and historic buildings.8. In Wuhan city, the new form of block which developed to hybrid functional morphology has emerged. ?The first phase of metro line 8 is being built, will take the Hongtu road in Hankou section as the central station, construct a new town development life circle; ?The Guanggu central area which synchronously construct with the metro extension of Line 2; ?Yaojialing International Arts and culture district which is currently planning to be built; Three of the above all belong to the hybrid functional morphology of the emerging model of block. The construction of rail transit promote the surrounding land has been re-planning and use, driving the site surrounding public space expand to the distribution growth and structure growth type, It is an important manifestation of development thinking of the site-city integration, it also will be a great example of the successful effect between rail transit construction and urban spatial form.DiscussBased on the analysis of the case of the construction of Wuhan rail transit by the theory of above research, it can be summed up the following considerations:1. Theoretical study and theoretical research are very important.Learning from practice, sum up experience regularly, also it is important to guide the work in practice. Guided by the theory, can avoid making detours, speed up the construction. Throughout the development of Wuhan rail transit construction, from the macro and micro levels, the preliminary construction of urban rail transit in Wuhan city and the combination of urban spatial form still has room for improvement.2. Light rail transit and public space.Rail Transit Line 1 is the first track traffic construction in Wuhan, is elevated light rail. At an early stage of the construction of urban rail transit in China-- although direct experience is insufficient--its construction has exploration significance.The settings of site and exit:Most of the sites located in the middle of the street, both overhead or floor designs are slightly blunt, occupied a lot of street space, reduced the original capacity of the street; Some sites need to pass through both sides of the street to access, it is lack of consideration in both convenience and security for motor vehicles and pedestrians. It seems not good enough in scale control, massing reduction, floor high reduction and relation with surrounding buildings. In some sites, If the station and the station hall are separated, passengers can get into the platform through the bridge or underground passage without cross the street, we can reduce the scale of the road site, massing and floor height, to achieve the effect of less occupied of street space, also not impact on the street landscape too much.Line sites and blocks form:Line 1 pay too much attention to the smooth flow of the line in the old city, is no enough constrained by the block form, and the site and the entrance are independent set, weaken the influence and interaction of the development of urban space that driven by rail transit. But to the far city, the extension line site has played a catalytic role in the surrounding land development and utilization, regional construction, the mode of cooperative of the city and district construction of rail transit, Become the experience of future rail transport projects to enter other distant city.3. Metro station and the maturity of urban public space.Sum up the 4 public space model of the line 2 in the urban area of the district, they are:Maturity public space model; Developing public space model; Simultaneous construction of public space model; Built rail station and to-be-built public space model. The mature mode of public space is divided into "changes existing public space "and "no change to existing public space".The extent and degree of the effects of different maturity modes on the interaction between the rail transit and rail transit are different. These effects can only occur in the site surrounding the building space, change spatial morphological or reorganize of internal functions, involving or not involving the redistribution and re-use of the surrounding land; These effects can also reach the edge of the reasonably affected area, under the guidance of site-city integration thought, appears a new public space form at the core of the site. About these new forms, the minimum to the site of the entrance construct the three-dimensional space form to the street, the biggest to form a three-dimensional public space system, even appears the TOD model of the new city. From small to big, the effect of the maturity of public space on affect is:Maturity public space model; Developing public space model; Built rail station and to-be-built public space model; Simultaneous construction of public space model. The simultaneous construction of the public space model is an ideal to-constructed environment; According to the state of public space, Built rail station and to-be-built public space are in different state; For example, subway extension of the new district has much larger space than the transformation of villages in the city. Maturity public space model influence and control site because of the function of existing blocks, it expands and strengthens the function and requirements of the site, promote the development of rail transit while rail opened and promote to gather people, enhance the commercial energy. This model has little effect on the re planning of land use or functional reorganization, but whether to re-integration or re-using, how to re-integration, and re-using, is a test for the planning and management department.4. Growth Subway station and urban residential area type.From the perspective of urban growth space, the existing rail transit site has a simple growth type of agglomeration effect of the residential area and population. If in the conditional place on the suburban subway extension, such as the transformation of the village in city area, planning to form a traffic node or a new economic node, even form a TOD where rail transport site as the center, make the urban spatial has distribution growth even structure growth, it will reflect the good results of the interaction between the rail transit station and the urban spatial form.5. Significance of the classification of rail transit complex and the protection of historic buildings in historic district.Urban rail transit complex is a kind of urban space form which is formed by the integration of urban rail transit and urban building complex. Its classification is for giving design reference in different space forms under the site. Wuhan, as a big city with history, how to protect historic districts or historic buildings at the site? This need to have the knowledge of the history of protection, from the actual space form, reference to the classification of rail transit complex, work on integrated planning of underground space and land use. If the Jianghan Road subway station built as underground expansion type, develop station combined with underground space, extent at both ends along the station, placed beneath the Jianghan Road building, completed the transfer and the flow of people in the underground, brining business, diet, rest function into the underground, form underground commercial street that parallel to the ground, underground set enough entrances and exits to the ground, form the three-dimensional public space system that the site as the core. It can meet a large number of people's distribution, enrich the business activities in Jianghan Road, save the historical block, the historical building in the same time, is it a better choice? Extended thoughts are come from the previous practice and theory of ascension, it also shows theoretical research is of great significance in guiding practice.6. Entrance and peripheral space form.The influence of the subway station to the surrounding is produced through the entrance and exit, the stations that located at the node or hub site have multiple entrances and exits, the distribution of entrances play an important role to the site. How to do a good job of the subject in the interaction between subway station and public buildings, it is a question that related to the ability to seize the opportunity to ride the rail transport, and appears a new suitable urban space form. From the microscopic view, each entrance brings influence which cannot be underestimated to the surrounding.Most entrances of Wuhan subway station entrances are set independently, this phenomenon reflects the separated relationship between the railway traffic and the urban street and the building of the street. The separate relationship may weaken the influence of sites on the surrounding buildings, function reorganization and land use. This is not incompatible with the mutual promotion of rail transit and urban public space. In order to seize the opportunity of track construction, do not lose the opportunity to change the number of street space, need to learn to understand the relationship between the two. Summary and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of independent set up of the entrance, do a good job in the future practice of the integrated planning and design of site-entrance & exit-surrounding construction, improve urban space by the rail transportation construction opportunity, and pay attention to entrance which play an important role in the urban space. Let the entrance be able to reflect the style of the surrounding buildings, and combined with the landscape, enhance the spatial recognition of the entrance, let the exit and entrance play the important role of the recognition.There are many subsequent rail lines under construction or to be constructed in Wuhan city, We should strengthen the integration of urban planning and land use by the guidance of theory, incorporating site entrance construction and accordingly urban spatial form into comprehensive planning, promote the rail transit station from traffic function to multi-function transformation, promote the change of ground and underground space form. |
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