| China is a big country for livestock and poultry breeding,production and consumption.Due to long-standing conceptual problems and insufficient understanding of the nutritional value of livestock and poultry bones,most of the remaining parts(such as ribs and coel bones)are excluded Problems such as low bone utilization rate,low adaptability of processing technology and difficulty in industrialization have brought about huge waste of bone resources and environmental pollution.At present,there have been many reports on steam explosion as a processing method for plant raw materials,but there are few reports on its application to the processing and treatment of animal bones.The use of steam explosion liquefied beef bone technology not only simplifies the process and reduces energy consumption,but also uses the waste resources of livestock and poultry manures and fallen leaves in livestock farms and slaughterhouses to generate steam from the biogas produced by anaerobic fermentation.Energy is supplied by the generator,which makes full use of waste resources and also greatly reduces carbon emissions.This subject uses beef femoral backbone as raw material to study its liquefaction technology: According to the results of thermal calculations,a biogas steam generator is designed,coupled and matched with the expolsion device,and a cattle bone liquefaction process experimental platform is built;in this experimental platform The related experiments on bovine bone liquefaction were completed,the mechanism of the influence of steam explosion on the physical and chemical properties of bovine bones was studied,and the bovine bone liquefaction and degreasing process were optimized;superfine bovine bone soup powder and biological materials were prepared by steam explosion method.Hydroxyapatite was characterized and its physical and chemical properties and digestion characteristics were studied,in order to provide a theoretical basis and process conditions reference for the high-value full utilization of bovine bones;technical and economic evaluation and cost accounting of the bovine bone steam explosion process were carried out.And compared with the high-temperature cooking process.The main research results and conclusions are as follows:1.The steam explosion process of beef bones is divided into three stages: pressure increase(permeation)stage,pressure maintenance(cooking)stage and pressure relief(expolsion)stage,and the energy transfer model and mass transfer model of each stage are established.The effective energy consumption in the steam explosion process of beef bones accounts for 64.72%,and the ineffective energy consumption accounts for 35.28%;the heat required to heat the aggregate accounts for 46.38%,which is the effective energy consumption.Based on the energy transfer model,the law of mass transfer of beef bone steam explosion is analyzed,the mass transfer phenomenon existing in the steam explosion process of beef bone is clarified,and the moisture change in each stage is analyzed;the verification experiment shows that the model proposed The fit is good and the result is reliable.2.The liquefaction process of bovine bone was optimized according to the steam explosion mechanism of bovine bone,and the product was characterized by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry.The results showed that the mineral content in bovine bone fluid increased significantly with the increase of liquefaction rate(P<0.05),while the content of organic phases such as protein and fat gradually decreased.The solubility of calcium ions increases with the increase of bovine bone liquefaction rate,and the effect is significant(P<0.05).The best process conditions for bovine bone liquefaction are: maintaining the pressure at 2.2 MPa and maintaining the pressure for 874 s,and the liquefaction at this time The rate is 84.63%.The two parameters in the steam explosion technology(pressure and holding time)have extremely significant effects on the liquefaction rate of bovine bone,but the interaction is not obvious.The steam explosion technology can strongly destroy the structure of the bovine bone,so that the organic matter can be effectively separated out and dissolved in the water to achieve the effect of liquefaction.3.According to the steam explosion mechanism of bovine bones,the mechanism of degreasing of bovine bones was studied.With the goal of maximizing bovine bone degreasing,the technical parameters of bovine bone degreasing were optimized,and a laser particle size analyzer,the product was characterized by scanning electron microscope and Fourier infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that the hardness of bovine bones decreased significantly with the increase of steam explosion parameters(P<0.05).Therefore,increasing the pressure and prolonging the holding time are more conducive to the softening and fragmentation of bovine bones.With the increase of steam explosion parameters,the particle size distribution of the beef bone residue after steam explosion gradually concentrated,and the average particle size gradually decreased.With the increase of pressure and the increase of holding time,the infrared absorption spectrum of bovine bone is more and more close to the infrared spectrum of hydroxyapatite crystal.The content of organic phase,protein and fat in cattle bones decreased significantly with the increase of steam explosion pressure and holding time(P<0.05),so the mineral content in cattle bones increased significantly(P<0.05).The two parameters of steam explosion technology(pressure and holding time)have extremely significant effects on the degreasing of beef bones,but the interaction is not obvious.The optimal process conditions are: maintaining the pressure at 2.4 MPa and holding the pressure for 785 s,and the fat content at this time was 0.075%.Steam explosion can be used for degreasing beef bones with obvious effects.4.Using laser particle size analyzer,scanning electron microscope and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry,etc.,the superfine beef bone soup powder prepared by steam explosion method was characterized,and its physical and chemical properties and digestion characteristics were studied.,The results show that: the particle shape of the superfine beef bone soup powder is relatively regular,with a normal distribution,and the average particle size is 7.52 ?m,which is much smaller than the size of the beef bone soup powder prepared by steam explosion method;Its amino acid content is 54.21 mg/g,accounting for 28.36% of the total amino acid content;the water holding capacity can reach 1.36% after 50 minutes of water bath;the protein solubility and digestibility are relatively high,reaching 89.23% and 55.14% respectively;its calcium ion content The release rate is also relatively high,reaching 62.64 mg/g.The superfine bone meal prepared by the steam explosion method has excellent physical and chemical properties and digestion properties,is easily absorbed by the human body,and has a simple preparation process,which has great promotion significance.5.Using X-ray diffraction,Fourier infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy,the bioactive hydroxyapatite prepared by steam explosion method was characterized,and it was compared with the hydroxyphosphate prepared by high-temperature cooking method.The physical and chemical properties of greystone and commercial samples of hydroxyapatite are compared.The results showed that the samples after steam explosion showed a broken shape and the tendency of fragmentation went deep inside;the results of X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the bioactive hydroxyapatite prepared by steam explosion method had the highest crystallinity among the three samples;Fourier The infrared spectrum shows that the hydroxyapatite prepared by steam explosion method is A&B type carbonate hydroxyapatite.The biocompatibility of bonederived bioactive hydroxyapatite is much higher than that of chemically synthesized hydroxyapatite,and it contains rich trace elements.Therefore,the bioactive hydroxyapatite prepared by steam explosion method is very useful as a biological material.Development prospects and research value.6.The technical and economic evaluation model of beef bone steam explosion process was established,and compared with the traditional high-temperature cooking process,the energy flow distribution of two different beef bone processing processes was analyzed,and the economic indicators of the two were calculated.Based on the sensitivity analysis of the beef bone steam explosion process that affects the processing cost,the two process methods are systematically analyzed and evaluated.The results show that the technical and economic indicators of the steam explosion process are all superior to the traditional high-temperature cooking process,and it has the advantages of high product quality,low energy consumption,and short processing time;the cost estimation result of the beef bone steam explosion process is lower than that of the high-temperature cooking process,mainly The reason is that the process flow is simple,the energy consumption is low,and the residual value of the by-products is high;the beef bone steam explosion process uses a biogas boiler for energy,combined with the production of the livestock and poultry breeding slaughterhouse,and improves the resource utilization rate of waste. |
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