Taxonomy And Molecular Phylogeny Of Psathyrella And Related Genera In China

Psathyrella(Fr.)Quél.is one of the large genera of Agaricales,comprising approximately 500 species in the world and has partly ecological and economical significance.Based on the large scale collection of 20 provincial regions in China,morphological and phylogenetic studies on Psathyrella were performed.Some 447 specimens collected by the author and colleagues and 322 specimens from different herbaria were examined,and a total of 50 taxa of Psathyrella and related genera were identified.Forty-six taxa belong to Psathyrella,including 12 new species: P.alpina,P.amygdalinospora,P.conica,P.jilinensis,P.mycenoides,P.piluliformoides,P.squarrosa,P.subcacao,P.subminutispora,P.subsingeri,P.subspadiceogrisea var.subspadiceogrisea and P.truncatisporoides;1 new variety: P.subspadiceogrisea var.germpora;21 new record species: P.amaura,P.atricastanea,P.bipellis,P.borealis,P.boreifasciculata,P.carminei,P.effibulata,P.fennoscandica,P.gordonii,P.lutensis,P.luteopallida,P.mammifera,P.microsporoides,P.oboensis,P.panaeoloides,P.pertinax,P.rostellata,P.saponacea,P.senex,P.subterrestris and P.vesterholtii;and 1 new record variety: P.typhae var.bispora.In the studies of its related genera,a new genus—Heteropsathyrella,and a new species—H.macrocystidia,were described;three taxa of Homophron were identified,including 2 new record species: H.camptopodum and H.cernuum.In addition,based on the morphological studies of voucher specimens in previous researches,18 names were excluded from China and 6 names were excluded from their reported distribution areas.A four-gene dataset of ITS,LSU,TEF-1? and ?-Tub were analyzed by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods,accompanying 345 new sequences were generated.The study shows that the tree can be divided into 29 stable clades.All genera are supported with high statistical value,except Coprinulles and Psathyrella.The polygenetic tree can be divided into two subfamilial clades,one consists of Coprinopsis,Homophron,Lacrymaria and Parasola and the other consists of Coprinellus,Cystoagaricus,Heterpasthyrella,Kauffmania,Psathyrella and Typhrasa,which is regarded as Psathyrella s.l.Psathyrella can be divided into 3 parts(/Psathyrella?,/Psathyrella?and /Psathyrella ?),which includes 19 clades,and among them,14 include Chinese materials./Psathyrella?and /Psathyrella?have high statistical support value,and are grouped together with Coprinulles.The support value of /Psathyrella ? is low,but the species in this part have morphologic generality.The results imply Psathyrella is polyphyletic group.Based on the phylogenetic results and morphological characters,Psathyrella can be divided roughly into two generic clades and a clade of incertae sedis: 1)Psathyrellopsis(/Psathyrella?),typified by P.candolleana,whose species have no pleurocystidia,can be regarded as monophyletic clades outside the Psathyrella;2)Psathyrella s.s(/Psathyrella ?)is typified by P.corrugis,and its species have obvious pleurocystidia,and can be divided into 2 subgeneric clades,whose boundaries roughly conform to those of the subgenera described by Kits van Waveren(1985): one is subgenus Psathyrella whose spores are longer than 10 ?m and the other is subgenus Psathyra whose spores are shorter than 10 ?m;3)P.multipedata grouped with P.supermula,forms a distinct lineage alonely,and is incertae sedis.In addition,1 new genus and 12 new species are supported.