Plant Diversity And Its Influencing Factors In Nature Reserves Of Shandong Province

Due to the constant intensification of human economic and social activities,climate change and excessive use of resources,the living environment has been destroyed,biodiversity has been lost rapidly,and many scholars have studied biodiversity in recent years.As an important part of biodiversity,plant diversity is an important part of biodiversity research.In order to restore damaged vegetation,protect natural resources environment and save rare and endangered species,various types of nature reserves have been established around the world.Nature reserve is considered to be the source base for preservation of biodiversity and the natural laboratory for nature studying,which is also the most effective means of local conservation of biodiversity.Nature reserves are rich in plant diversity.Studying the plant diversity characteristics of nature reserve and its influencing factors are helpful to understand the present situation of plant protection,grasp the influence factors of plant diversity,and manage and protect nature reserves.Numerous nature reserves have been established in Shandong Province so far.There are series of questions need to be answered.For instance,What are the plant species and plant diversity protected in these reserves?How many rare and endangered plant species are protected?Are the nature reserves invaded by alien plants?What are the factors that affect plant diversity?and so on.In this study,a flora database of nature reserve in Shandong Province was established through field investigation combined with literature and nature reserve comprehensive inspection report.This paper analyzed the basic composition of flora,the geographical composition of seed flora and the similarity of flora of nature reserve in Shandong Province firstly.Then,using several biodiversity measures,such as the patrick abundance index,differentiation index,quality index QL,comprehensive evaluation of biological diversity E index and G-F index,the diversity characteristics of the vascular plant in nature reserves of Shandong Province were studies.Next,from the perspective of plant species richness,the main influence factors of species richness of different plant groups in nature reserve of Shandong Province and the relationships between them were studied using simultaneous autoregressive analysis(SAR)and multiple regression analysis(MRA).To test whether the relationship between species richness and environmental factors among different plant groups are consistent and the relationship varies with spatial scale,we studied the the relationships between species richness of different plant groups and the main influence factors of 186 nature reserves within the scope of China.This paper also studied the composition,floristic characteristics,and distribution of rare and endangered plant species in main nature reserves and 17 regions in Shandong Province.And influencing factors are also studied.In the end,this paper also summarized the alien plant species and the distribution in main nature reserves of Shandong Province,studied the main factors affecting the species richness of alien and native plant,and discussed the the factors affecting the species richness of alien and native plant if consitent.The main results of this paper are as follows:The research of characteristics of vascular plant diversity in nature reserves of Shandong Province showed that mount lao,mount tai,and mount kunyu are the highest in plant diversity and species differentiation.There is a strong consistency of the distribution pattern of vascular plant between the number of species,genus,and families.The results of biodiversity measurement method showed that F index are most satisfactory.The analysis of the basic composition of vascular plants flora of 25 above provincial-level nature reserves in Shandong Province revealed that the total number was 175 families,918 genera,and 2362 species,of which there are 8 families,24 genera,and 89 species of pteridophytes;8 families,26 genera,and 67 species of gymnosperms;143 families,854 genera,and 2206 species of angiosperms,respectively accounted for 95.11%of the total number of families,96.73%of the total number of genera and 93.03%of the total of the species of vascular plants in Shandong Province,which showed that nature reserves protect the vast majority of species of plant in Shandong Province.The study also found that families and genera of vacular plant are significant advantages,plant geography is complex and diverse.It is obvious that temperate elements of seed plants play important roles,and the proportion of tropical elements is high,which has a certain transitional of tropical and subtropical.The results showed that the nature reserve area,precipitation and temperature were the main factors affecting the species richness of six groups in Shandong nature reserve.The relationships between plant species richness and environmental factors were consistent in different groups and varied with spatial scale.The relationship between plant species richness and precipitation is consistent on the two spatial scales,that is,the species richness increases with the precipitation.However,the relationship between plant species richness and mean annual temperature was different,species richness was negatively correlated with the mean annual temperature in temperate region of Shandong Province,while positively correlated with the mean annual temperature on the national scale.There was significant correlation between different species richness,which shows that the areas with suitable climate often provide rich nutrition and improve productivity,therefore suitable for various plant groups grow.Statistics and analysis of rare and endangered plants in Shandong Province found that there are 65 families,123 genera,and 159 species of rare and endangered species in Shandong Province.Among them,5 families,5 genera,and 6 pecies belong to pteridophytes;8 families 17 genera 26 species belong to gymnosperms;52 families,101 genera,and 127 species belong to angiosperms.The study of floristic of rare and endangered plants showed that the temperate elements are the richest,and tropical and subtropical properties are obvious,indicating that the flora of rare and endangered plant has obvious temperate regional characteristics and tropical affinity.Mount Lao,mount Tai,and mount Kunyu are rich in rare and endangered plant.Among the 17 regions of Shandong Province,the regions that have mountainous hilly with natural vegetation preservation are also abundance in rare and endangered plants,such as Qingdao,Yantai,and Taian,these areas protected more than 100 rare and endangered species.Temperature and altitude were the main determinant factors of species richness of rare and endangered plant in the two scales(nature reserve and region).Altitude has stronger effects on rare and endangered plant under the regions scale than the nature reserve scale.Through statistics all the studied nature reserves have been invaded by alien plants,and the number of alien herbaceous species is far greater than that woody species.The correlation between alien and native species richness,alien woody and herbaceous species were significantly positive,suggesting that nature reserve that rich in native plants are also susceptible to the invasion of alien plants,and reserves with high alien woody species richness are invaded by a larger number of alien herbaceous species.Temperature and precipitation have important effects on both alien and native plant.Human activity has stronger effects on alien plants than on native plants,and stronger effects on alien herbaceous plants than on alien woody plants.The results suggested that native species richness is mainly explained by climatic factors,whereas alien species richness is mainly explained by climatic factors and human activity together.In conclusion,through the studies of plant diversity and its influencing factors in nature reserve of Shandong Province,the status of plant diversity of nature reserves in Shandong Province was mastered,database of plant floristic was established,the relationship between species richness and influencing factors on different spatial scales were discussed,and the different influencing factors of alien and native plants were revealed.The main conclusions of this paper could play a very important role to control the spread of alien species and protect local plant diversity effectively.This study also can provide scientific basis for plant diversity protection and nature reserve management of Shandong Province.