A Comprehensive Assessment Of The Ecological Security In Kashgar Region Based On GIS

Ecological environment provides the main space for the survival and sustainable development of lives on earth,and it is also the basic condition for socio-economic development.Over the past several decades,along with the intensification of human activities and global climatic change,the global eco-environment has been modified.More importantly,the ecological security has become a hot topic in all around the world.In the report of the 19th CPC National Congress of China,has put"Ecological Civilization Construction"as an important part of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation's dreams and put forward many new ideas,concepts and strategies that have effectively promoted the development of ecological civilization in China.As known from the main subject of“Ecological Civilization Construction”,the ecological security is the foundation and main guarantee of ecological civilization construction.During the past 30 years,with the socio-economic development in Kashgar region,its ecosystem structure and function have undergone great changes,which have led to the destruction and degradation of local people's living environment.At the same time,it also affected the sustainable development of socio-economy in the region.In this study,in first step,the spatio-temporal differences of the ecosystem service value,ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of different land use/cover types were calculated by applying with related method and model.In second steps,the ecological securities of the study region were evaluated using ecological surplus/deficit and ecological pressure index.Third step,the quality of settlement environment of the Kashgar region was evaluated using the human settlement environment comprehensive evaluation model.Fourth step,the relationship between the ecological security conditions and the human settlement environment quality of Kashgar region was analyzed.Finally,according to the research results some ecological security protection suggestions were put forward.The results of this study offer useful reference for maintain the ecological security of the Kashgar region.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)In this study,based on the remote sensing data,related auxiliary data and field survey data,the land use land cover data of the Kashgar region in 1985,1995,2005and 2015 year were obtained by using the supervised classification method.Then based on the socio-economic data,climate data and hydrological data,the driving forces of the land use change were analyzed by using the component analysis method.The results show that in the past 30 years,there has been a significant change in the land use types of Kashgar Region.Among these land use types,cultivated land,forest land,construction land and sandy land showed increase in their area,while grassland,water body,saline land,wet land and unutilized land showed decrease in their area.According to the land use driver's analysis,the first principal component of Kashgar region is the socio-economic factors,the second is the policy and technology factors,and the third is the natural factors.It can be seen from above,the land use types in Kashgar region have changed significantly.(2)In this study,based on the improved model of ecosystem service value which was put forward by Castanza,using the land use types data and the ecosystem service unit value coefficient,the ecosystem services value in of the Kashgar region in 1985,1995,2005 and 2015 were calculated.And then applying the ArcGIS grid module,the spatial distribution map of ecosystem service value of Kashgar region with a spatial resolution of 10 km×10 km was set up.The results showed that the total ecosystem services value in Kashgar region decreased from 66600.890 million Yuan in 1985 to65633.890 million Yuan in 2015.During the past 30 years,the ecosystem services value shows a nonlinear trend.The ecological services value of Kashgar region increased during 1985-1995 with a net increase of 1579.502 million Yuan and an average annual increase is 157.95 million Yuan.In contrast,the ecological services value of Kashgar region between 1995 and 2015 is decreasing.The net decrease was-4546.5 million Yuan,with an average annual reduction in the amount of 227.325million Yuan.Since the loss value of ecosystem services in Kashgar region in the last20 years is larger than the increase amount of previous 10 years,the total value of ecosystem services in Kashgar region is still on the decline.The service functions of ecosystems are constantly deteriorated and ecosystems gradually destroyed.(3)In this study,the ecological footprint(various material requirements)and ecological carrying capacity(supply capacity)of Kashgar region in 1985,1995,2005and 2015 were calculated using the ecological footprint model and ecological carrying capacity model.During the period of 1985-2015,the per capita ecological footprint of Kashgar region showed a gradual increasing trend,which increased from2.495hm~2/person in 1985 to 4.687 hm~2/person in 2015,an increase of 2.192 hm~2/person,with an average annual increase of 0.073 hm~2/person.The ecological footprints of Kashgar region are mainly composed of grassland ecological footprint and cultivated land ecological footprint,and these two kinds of ecological footprint account for more than 80%of the total ecological footprint.Among them,the proportion of cultivated land ecological footprint shows gradual increasing trend,while the proportion of grass land ecological footprint indicates decrease.In the past30 years,The per capita ecological carrying capacity of Kashgar region showed gradually decreasing trend,which decreased from 2.6 hm~2/person in 1985 to 1.97hm~2/person in 2015,In contrast,the total ecological carrying capacity of Kashgar region shows a gradual increasing trend,which increased from 6808.4×10~3 hm~2 in1985 to 8865.84×10~3 hm~2 in 2015.In the past 30 years,the net profit of ecological carrying capacity is 2057.44×10~3 hm~2.(4)According to the calculation results of ecological deficit,the ecological deficit in Kashgar region increased continuously from 1985 to 2015,and the state of ecological surplus turned into an ecological deficit,which decreased from 0.105 hm~2/person(ecological surplus)in 1985 to-2.718 in 2015 hm~2/person(ecological deficit),it indicating that the ecosystems gradually loss it`s sustainable supply capacity.The ecological stress index in Kashgar region generally shows an upward trend,rising from-0.042(ecologically safer)in 1985 to 0.576(very insecure)in 2015,with the fastest increase during 2005-2015.During the past 30 years,the state of ecological security in Kashgar region has been in three states,with a relatively safe state from1985 to 1995,a slightly unsafe state from 1995 to 2005 and a unsafe state from 2005to 2015.According to the spatial distribution structure,the ecological pressure indexes of counties in 1985 are as follows:Taxkorgan County>Yingjisha County>Maigaiti County>Yecheng County>Kashgar City>Shule County>Zepu County>Bachu County>Shufu County>Yuepuhu County>Jiashi County>Shache County.In 1995,the ecological pressure index of all counties was ascending order:Maigaiti County>Taxkorgan County>Kashgar City>Yingjisha County>Zepu County>Bachu County>Yecheng County>Shule County>Shufu County>Jiashi County>Yue Puhu County>Shache County.The ecological pressure index of counties in 2005 is:Maigaiti County>Taxkorgan County>Shufu County>Bachu County>Zepu County>Shule County>Yecheng County>Shache County>Yuepuhu County>Jia Shi County>Kashgar City>Yingjisha County.The ecological pressure index of counties in 2015 is:Taxkorgan County>Maigaiti County>Kashgar City>Bachu County>Shufu County>Yecheng County>Jia Shi County>Yuepuhu County>Shule County>Zepu County>Yingjisha County>Shache County.(5)In this study,the Human Environmental Comprehensive Index(HECI)of Kashgar region were combined,and conducted by some relevant evaluation model.The results of HECI of Kashgar region shows that,the HECI showed decreasing pattern from northwestern part to southern and eastern parts of the Kashgar region,and also showed decreasing order from urban region to non-urban regions,from high level administrative region to the low-level administrative region.Among whole study area,the average HECI of Kashgar city is very high,followed by Zepu and Shule County,while contrary with these the average HECI of Taxkorgan and Yecheng County very low.According to the relationship between the spatial distribution of ecological security assessment and HECI of Kashgar region in 2015,there is the same and different correlation between them;for example,there are certain transposition relations between ecological security status and HECI in Taxkorgan,Shule,Zepu,Yecheng,Shache,Maigaiti,Yuepuhu and Bachu counties.These show that the actual situation of ecological security and living environment condition is inconsistent which requires the residents surrounding environment needs to be considered and it is very necessary take the settlement environment indicators put into the specific analysis of the regional ecology security system.The results of this study have very important theoretical and practical significance for all relevant departments in Kashgar region.