| The issue of rural land circulation has always been a major issue in China's economic and social development.The Party Central Committee and the State Council also attaches great importance to the land circulation and utilization problems,Central Document No.1 has thrown another spotlight on rural issues for consecutive 14 times since 2004,all of the NO.1 documents introduced a series of new policies for farmer income,strong agricultural attaches great importance to the issue of land use.Because of China's new urbanization,industrialization and agricultural modernization growing rapidly and a large number of rural labor force moving to the city and non-agricultural production,there are a lot of rural land abandoned,abandoned and extensive management phenomenon,and the national food security is threatened.In order to make better use of the limited land resources,the current situation of small-scale decentralized management of farmland need to change urgently in our country,it could be better promote the rural land circulation by solving the problem of "three rights division" and the scale management under the premise of stable land property rights.However,the efficiency of land circulation isn't higher,and also faced with many obstacles in practice.Therefore,the problems of land transfer and the target model study is not only beneficial to the realization of national food security,ecological security and water and soil resources security,but also to accelerate the modern agriculture affluent society construction.The achievements and problems of land rent,land property rights trading market,land scale management and other aspects of domestic and foreign land circulation has been analyzed comprehensively and systematically in this paper.The function of Marx's land rent theory and the balance of land property rights and their role to land circulation in our country was elaborated at first.And then,Deng Xiaoping's important discussion on rural reform and its effect on agricultural development of P.R.China was summarized,which the productive forces in rural areas has been liberated based on the household contract responsibility system and promoted the separation of land ownership and use right,It laid the foundation for the three rights division of land ownership,contract and management right,the collective economy was the direction of the development of rural economy,the power of agriculture is the development of sciences and technologies.The third,Xi Jinping's important discussion on "three rights division" of land ownership,contract and management right and its promotion on the transfer of rural land and appropriate scale management in our country was highly generalized,the key to the development of modern agriculture and rural reform lies in the land transfer and the various large-scale management,which adheres to the family business subject status,promote family management,collective management and cooperation management modes of operation innovation,and establishes a modern agricultural management system model as soon as possible,and makes the farmers,rural areas,and agriculture development with the new industrialization,urbanization and information,and uses the latest concept of industrial development to manage agriculture.Using the latest concept of industrial development to operate agriculture,at the same time,the theory of western land property rights,such as land efficiency,land incentive,land restraint and land matching function,and the differential land rent theory of agricultural economics,and the transformation and innovation agricultural technology,agricultural development and growth mode of development economics etc.was used too in this paper,we could solve the problems of land circulation,improve the land transfer system and promote the development of land transfer scale management based on the Marx and Western land property rights,Deng Xiaoping's land management right and Xi Jinping's “three rights division” and development economical theory and agricultural economical theory related land transfer,land use,land quality grade,agricultural structure adjustment and growth mode.Secondly,the general law of land circulation is studied.The relationship between urbanization development and land circulation,market development and land circulation,agriculture modernization and land circulation,two or three industry development and land circulation,legal integrity standardization and land circulation,social security improvement and land circulation et al social and economic foundation was analyzed.The main reasons that affect the land circulation are the development of the market,the low economic benefit of agriculture and the poor benefit of the manager.The driving force and the premise of the land transfer are the development of cities,the transfer of labor force,the scale management,the structural reform of the supply side and the establishment of the land market etal.The development of the large grain,talent management,collective management,family farms,cooperatives,business association,and agricultural science and technology enterprise,stock management,stock financial technology comprehensive land circulation scale model etc.are promoted based on the diversification of land circulation from "Separation of two rights" to " three rights division".The general law of land circulation was reveals by the role of land circulation on promoting the appropriate scale management,accelerating the integration of urban and rural areas,strengthening the allocation of resources and agricultural economy and the construction of social security system.And the factors affecting the land circulation and its operation mechanism and development trend were discussed in this paper.Thirdly,the effects and problems of land system reform and land circulation in China since the reform and opening up are analyzed,and the characteristics,functions and sustainability of different land circulation modes are analyzed too.The effectiveness of the evolution of rural land circulation policy on China's agricultural economy and farmers' income et al was first analyzed systematically from 1978(the third Plenary Session of the 11 th CPC Central Committee)to 2012(the 18 th CPC National Congress)and from 2012 to now,and also stated their main problems and its reasons of the land circulation in different periods,the main problems include non-food and non-agricultural land use,shortage of market intermediary and land bank,lack of incentive and supervisory mechanism,imperfect of rural social security system,separation of agricultural subsidies and land management rights,backwardness of farmland infrastructure,shortage of scale socialized service,low quality labors etc.The advantages and disadvantages of land transfer modes,such as subcontract,lease,transfer,mortgage,exchange,shares,trust,etc.and their roles on land circulation were analyzed.The basic situation,characteristics,functions and prospect of 9 patterns,which include large grain,talent management,collective operation,family farms,association management,enterprises driven,professional cooperatives,stock management,and company + cooperative + land stock + technology + financial + internet integrated land circulation scale management modes,was discussed and analyzed.The results show that the large grain vitality and sustainable ability is more suitable for the recent land transfer,and that of collective management,talent management,association management,enterprise led are more suitable for land circulation of the recent and the middle stage,and that of family farms,cooperatives,stock company and the integrated modes are more suitable for the middle stage's and the long term's land circulation,through the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages,the function and the role,the adaptation and the scope,the vitality and the sustainable ability of different modes.Fourthly,by use of the experiences of developed countries,the inspection standards and basic principles and target modes of land circulation in China are put forward.The 4 inspection standards of land circulation are determined by use of the successful experience of USA,French,Japan,Israel and other developed countries,whether it is conducive to the modernization of agriculture and the scale of operation,and whether it is conducive to increase farmers' income,and whether it is conducive to guarantee national food security and resources sustainability,and whether it is conducive to promote the rational flow of land management right.And the 6 basic principles are also determined,which include adhering to the farmers voluntary,guaranteeing the farmers',rights and interests,adhering to local conditions,adhering to the land for agriculture production,taking into account fairness and efficiency,adhering to the appropriate advance etc.The target modes of land circulation in different market economy stage are put forward.The total target mode is large scale management,such as integrated pattern,modern agriculture and even multinational group business model,and that of large or super large scale stock family business model,stock professional cooperatives and its integration mode will occupy a certain share.The total target of occupation farmers is accounted about 10% of the total population,all rural land transfer and scale management area is more than 5000-20000 mu,and the scale,standardization,specialization and brand intelligence scale agriculture accounted 80% of the total agricultural production,the proportion of agricultural GDP dropped to 5% of the total GDP,the grain yield per capita is above 500 kg,the rate of organic green food gets to 100%,the net exports of grains accounted the total yield is more than 5%,the intelligent production coverage and resource utilization efficiency is more than 80%,the income of the farmers will get to 90 thousand RMB.The recent land transfer is diversified pattern,the family farms,cooperatives,talent management,enterprise led mode will gradually occupy the dominant position,and followed by large grain,collective management,management association model,large-scale joint-stock business,and the financial shares technology integrated business model is at the initial stage of development.The target of the rural land transfer rate gets to 40% ~ 50%,the average size of the operating area is more than 500-1000 mu,the level of market information is more than 40%,the coverage of information is more than 50%,the organic green food guarantee rate is more than 30%,the use efficiency of resources is more than 30%,the farmers' income increases about 50%.The Interim target mode is dominated by the medium scale land transfer,such as family management,stock management,professional cooperatives,enterprise driven,collective management etc.matured increasingly.And the large family farms,cooperatives,stock business,financial technology integrated model is developed,and their shares will be gradually expanded.And the modern multinational agricultural company will rise and develop along the one way and one belt construction.The rate of rural land circulation reached more than 65% in 2040,the land concentrated through stock market or transfer,which average size got to 2000-10000 mu,the market level reached more than 70%,the coverage rate of information got to 80%,the intelligent coverage is more than 30%,the knowledge creation formed the center of the production system,the technology of agricultural production,the guarantee rate of the organic green food is about 50%,the efficiency of resource utilization increased more than 60%,the farmers' income got to doubled,and formed a relatively mature market economy system.The operating scale of the long term pattern will be significantly changed,which of medium scale family farms,enterprise driven,collective management,professional cooperatives,joint-stock management and other land transfer model will be upgraded,the share of the large scale land circulation modes,such as large family farm,joint-stock professional cooperatives and its integration model,and the financial science and technology integrated model,will be more than the sum of the following scale land transfer models at the first time.The foreign exchange agriculture and modern multinational agricultural group is matured everywhere.The development target is the full realization of the freedom of rural land circulation,the circulation area accounted is more than 85% of the total area of the family contracted land,the level of market reached more than 90%,the average size of scale management got to 2000-5000 mu,the full realization of ecological and intelligent features of modernization of agricultural industry and agricultural production,organic green food guarantee rate is above 75%,the covering rate of information get to 100%,the intelligent agriculture is more than 60%,the utilization efficiency of resource is increased more than 65%,the grain yield is more than 480 kg per capita,farmers' income increased more than 150%,the developed market economy system,the formation of a virtuous cycle of ecological efficient agricultural production system and agricultural modernization multinational group.At last,the path and countermeasures of realizing the target modes of land circulation in China were put forward.The 6 ways to China's future land transfer target model and promote the land circulation,such as deepening reform,optimizing the allocation of market resources,feeding back to the countryside,industry supporting agriculture,developing scale economies and intelligent agriculture,are put forward in this paper.And the 11 countermeasures and suggestions to promote land circulation,such as strengthening the farmer skill education,establishing the social service system,promoting the development of the two or three industry,improving land contract rights and management rights of capital operation,improving the urban and rural land property rights transfer market integration and transfer of management rights,expanding the implementation of bank insurance system,education services,leading industry brand and standardization by technologies and sciences,perfecting the rural social security system,speeding up the town construction,innovation of land transfer legal and mechanism,and promoting the one belt and one road international modern agricultural development,are suggested in order to provide a scientific basis for promoting China's land transfer and scale economic operation,and for promoting and stimulating China's modern agriculture development and growth with the characteristics of large-scale,standardized,professionalism and brand. |
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