A Study On The Development Of Livestock And Poultry Industry In Jiangsu In The Time Of Republic Of China

China is a large agricultural country and animal husbandry serves as an important part of agriculture.It is widely known that livestock and poultry industry has been always played a major role in animal husbandry in most places of China except pastoral areas.Jiangsu has always been a place with well-developed livestock and poultry industry in history.In modern time,livestock and poultry production in Jiangsu maintained a leading position in China.Besides,Jiangsu is located in eastern coast of China that was the region firstly influenced by foreign husbandry and thus became the forefront of the development of modern livestock and poultry industry in China.Republic of China(1912—1949)only has a 38-year period,while it was an important turning point from traditional to modern animal husbandry development.It is also a crucial time when traditional and modern husbandry technologies underwent mutual intersection,integration and development.Jiangsu Province was the political core area of the National Government;its livestock and poultry industry has experienced an important transformation from traditional to modern development in this historical period.According to the livestock and poultry industry development in Jiangsu Province, the entire period of Republic of China can be divided into four phases.The first phase is from 1912 to 1927when China was ruled by the Northern Warlords.The second phase is from 1927 to 1937 when the Kuomintang established and consolidated its regime in Nanjing.The third phase was 1937-1945 when Japan launched a war of aggression against China and Jiangsu were occupied by Japanese.The fourth phase was from 1945 to 1949,when the war against Japan ended and the Kuomintang lost its regime.In the time of Northern Warlords from 1912 to 1927,China was separated and disordered due to the warlords,which severely damaged the rural economy and also retarded the development of animal husbandry in Jiangsu.The decade of 1927-1937 witnessed relatively stable society and politics with a sound development,known as "The Golden Decade".During 1927-1937,the National Government established primary modern animal veterinary services,introduced foreign livestock and poultry breeds,improved the local breeds,and established modern livestock enterprises and cooperatives,which promoted a rapid development of livestock and poultry industry in Jiangsu.From 1937 to 1945,Japan launched a war of aggression against China,and the National Government moved the capital to Chongqing.Jiangsu was occupied by Japanese army,thus the development of livestock and poultry industry had to be interrupted.After the victory against Japan in 1945,the capital was back to Nanjing in 1946,and the development of livestock and poultry industry gradually recovered in Jiangsu.However,because the Kuomintang was losing its regime,the development plans of livestock and poultry industry were mostly a formality,not fully into practice.The National Government of the bourgeois regime nature in Nanjing adopted animal husbandry development policy that was basically formulated to promote traditional animal husbandry to modern development direction.In this period,there were small changes in the production,processing and utilization of animal feed,as well as traditional Chinese veterinary technology,mainly following the traditional experience.The establishment of modern animal veterinary services,the introduction of foreign breeds,the improvement of local breeds,and the establishment of modern livestock enterprises and cooperatives are not only the most outstanding aspects in the development of animal husbandry industry in modern Jiangsu,but also a reflection of the development from traditional to modern transformation in Jiangsu.Through the further investigation of the establishment of modern animal veterinary services,the introduction of foreign breeds,the improvement of local breeds,and the establishment of modern livestock enterprises and cooperatives,it is found that husbandry and veterinary organizations with modern features established by the national government in the time of Republic of China have made a great contribution in the introduction,promotion and research of Western veterinary technology.It guarded animal husbandry development in Jiangsu.Furthermore,the introduction of foreign breeds and the improvement of local breeds were implemented by the use of modern biotechnology,different from traditional breeding techniques in ancient time,which is a big progress forwarding the history of modern livestock and poultry breeding in China.Moreover,after the establishment of modern livestock enterprises and cooperatives,the advanced modern production technology greatly enhanced the productivity and commodity rate in husbandry industry and protected farmers' interests to some extent.Although the amount of modern enterprises and cooperatives was not great and their development was lack of continuity,it represents the advanced development direction of modern animal husbandry industry in the middle and lower Yangtze River.We analyze the historical laws of modern husbandry development and extract its historical experience,which would offer valuable practical reference for currently smooth development and modern transformation of animal husbandry in China.The beneficial experiences from the development of livestock and poultry industry in Jiangsu during Republic of China include the promotion and involvement of multiple powers and external factors,the introduction of good foreign livestock and poultry breeds and the learning of animal husbandry production experience,and various measures taken to promote the development of animal husbandry industry.Besides,the problems of the development of livestock and poultry industry in Jiangsu during Republic of China include less private capital investment in modern animal husbandry industry,lower proportion of animal husbandry in the farm economy,the lack of deep field research in rural areas by government and experts,the lack of awareness and control in economic invasion by foreign markets and foreign capital,the loss of farmers' subjective position due to the government-expert-leading mode of modern husbandry development,and the lack of self-awareness of the protection of our good local livestock breeds.In conclusion,this study provides valuable reference and suggestions for current modern transformation and sound development of animal husbandry industry in China though the induction and analysis of history.