| Since the reform and opening up in 1978,the urbanization of Ningbo have been greatly improved at county level,but there is evident differences among regions.Urbanization will be a theme for a period of time for Ningbo in the future.Since the implementation of the household contract responsibility system,farmers have been active bodies for rural investment,management,production and other economic activities,also they have been the most basic decision-making units.Farmers’ land use behaviors closely track national food security and ecological security.With the being reduced of unused land,land will not likely to continue to be a major source of agricultural growth which must rely on technological progress so to improve the utilization efficiency of agricultural land resources along the way of the resource development model.Because arable land and grain output per capita continued to decline the local governments have to faces urgent task,such as the way of farmers use land and its formation mechanism,which policy taken to guide farmers’ appropriate land scale,so as to improve the income.Based on Man land relationship theory,Land use basic competition theory,the Sustainable utilization of cultivated land theory,Regional differentiation theory,Farmer economy theory and grounded theory,the paper has adopted the method of combining macroscopic with microcosmic,qualitative and quantitative thus the paper has discussed the evolution rules of farmers’land use behaviors and found the inner logic of changes.Specifically,the main research content of the paper is:(1)The analysis of agricultural production in urbanization.the system of rural land(the household contract responsibility system,circulation and agricultural subsidy system)has been sorted and the influence of the system to agricultural production has been analyzed.First,agricultural production elements changes obviously.Second,high technical efficiency is a major cause of improvement of agricultural productivity.Last,there is large space for promotion of scale efficiency.(2)Analysis of the farmers and its agricultural production.The paper has analyzed farmers’family characteristics and land use behavior by questionnaire,SPSS and the labor and capital substitution principle.First,most peasants engaging in agricultural production is 45-70 years old.Second,rural occupation structure has been marked by urbanization.Third,smallholder farmers and larger farmers coexist.Forth,land is being circulated from scattered to larger farmers with not obvious land annexation.Fifth,the price per Mu of land circulation is high.Last,farmers’ land use structure is differentiation.(3)Qualitative analysis of farmers’ land use behavior.The paper has interviewed with farmers about land use behavior on grounded theory and analyzed the interviewed data.After the code,the conceptualization and categorization of interviewed data,we find out the commonness and individuality of land use behavior among smallholder farmers and larger farmers.(4)The structured analysis of change of farmers’ land use behavior.Along the factors influencing farmers land use behavior,the paper has analyzed the commonness and individuality of farmers’ land use behavior by the constructivism theory.Also,the paper has constructed inherent logic diagram of farmers’ land use behavior change following the main line of mechanization,scaling,urbanized-agriculture,with off-farm income and non-agricultural.(5)Policy innovation direction of farmers’ land use behavior.Based on inner logic of farmers’ land use behavior change,the main content of the land circulation policy and agricultural subsidy policy innovation will be grasping the degree of land circulation and regulating larger-holder farmers’ or other active bodies’ land use behavior.The research conclusions show:(1)The changes of farmers’ land use behavior have been marked by urbanization.The purpose of farmers’ land use behavior has been transferred from food and clothing to increasing income(with off-farm income)to economic or social function.With rising farming costs,the reversed mechanism lead to substitute capital for labor and other materials so" material input commercialization" is a kind of trend.(2)Difference of farmers’land use behavior.Characteristics of smallholder farmers’land use behavior are small scale,green production and hire-mechanization.Characteristics of joined peasant specialized cooperative farmers’ land use behavior is that individual farmers’ land scale is small and specialized cooperative has scale economy.Agriculture is urban agriculture production and small machinery/large machinery oriented.Also it has a kind of quality control system.Large-holder farmers’ land use behavior is characterized of some size.Large-holder farmers are the main commodity grain producer with the agricultural mechanization.They employ much labor.(3)Smallholder farmers’ land use behavior aims to realize social function.In urbanization farmers have increasing non-agricultural employment opportunities so opportunity cost of farming is increasing,the land economic value decreasing,the economic function abating but social function is enhanced.Land can provide fresh,ecological agricultural products and it also can be used for exercise.(4)Large-holder farmers have been the main subject of grain production,system stimulation is the main reason for the existence of large-farmer.Agriculture has been characterized as high-risk and large labor intensity.Under the condition of low comparative benefit,the drive for large-holder farmer to product grain production comes from system stimulation instead of internal drive.Firstly,much rural labor transfer to no-agriculture as wage from no-agriculture is higher than that from agriculture.Secondly,with costs increase of agricultural labor substantially,wage Daobi mechanism make capital take the place of labor.The implementation of agricultural subsidies has improved the mechanization rate by machinery used by large-holder farmers,thus those has reduced the labor intensity of scale-size cultivation.Thirdly,the grain production has been increased by agricultural duty-free,the support of science and technology and agricultural subsidies for fine seed and grain price,and so agricultural production profit has.(5)Urbanization drives agriculture to urban agriculture,and cooperatives farmers has become the main subject of urban agriculture.Urban agriculture has been characterized as market,professional,efficient and outgoing.As a coastal open city,Ningbo has natural and social conditions for the need of urban agriculture.Urbanization and one hour traffic circle(Village to Village)are fundamental guarantee for the realization of urban agriculture.The thirsty for urban agriculture comes from the increase of no-agricultural employment,the boom of immigrant,the increased demand of agricultural product and the yearning for rural life.One hour traffic circle makes urban agriculture producing vegetables and fruit possible.(6)Land circulation is the main obstacle to scale production and land reduction is the fundamental difficulties for land circulation.Large-holder farmers have desire to expand land scale but the difficulties of land circulation is always bottleneck for land expansion,As a result land scale of Large-holder farmers’ is passive reduced or difficult to expand.The deep cause of the above two cases is land reduction in urbanization.Infrastructure construction and industrial park construction are the main reason of farmland reduction in Ningbo.The main dissatisfactory reason of land transfer is less and less land due to road construction in Plain and suburban area.The main dissatisfactory reason of land transfer is less and less land and fragmental land in mountainous,half-mountainous and island land. |
