| The theme of Chinese tourism development has changed from single tourism attractions exploitation to the destinations system optimization.The destination development involves of economy,society,environment and culture issues,it is a dynamic process of interaction of tourists,industries,administration section,community,NGOs,et al.thus the sustainable development of destination is not only the promotion and perfection of the elements above mentioned,but the optimization,integration,coordination and innovation of the total system.Social network theory which is based on the view of "relationship" and "integration" just provides a useful tool to this tourism destination study.It could take one destination as a network system which is comprised of various actors and tourism relationships,could reveal the characters and structures of destination networks by ego-network and whole network approaches,and contrast them under different development mode,so as to examine the formation evolution,process and perception of tourism destination networks.By doing all of these,it could contribute to define the structural problem in tourism destination development,and provide optimization strategy for its sustainable development,as well as expand the tourism community research which is always based on stakeholder theories,enrich the field of tourism geographies and destination social geographies,and offer some new methods and theories for tourism study.This paper combines the methods and theories of geographies,sociology and management and carries out both theoretical and practice level,into analyzing the construction,measurement,evaluation,perception,evolution and space-time characters of tourism destination networks.In this paper,the development modes of destination are regard as the cut-in point to reveal the destination networks,and Huangshan,Hongcun,Xidi are taken as cases to discuss the roles and functions of government and administrations,by quantitative and qualitative methods.On the basis,the paper tries to explain the influence factors,process and mechanism of the networks and how the development mode worked on the networks.The paper is divided into three parts.Section 1,which includes chapter 1 to 3,studies the background and theoretical foundation.Chapter 1 analyses the background and significance of the tourism destination networks,identifies the main content,research framework and technical path,and introduces the basic research methods and data resources.Chapter 2 summarizes relevant research results at home and abroad,such as social network theory,social networks in human geographies and tourism research,et al.,so as to confirm its applicability in tourism destination research.Chapter 3 constructs the theoretical frame.After identifying the significance and values of tourism destination network,this chapter constructs the destination networks framework on the relationship types,actor types and research levels successively,chooses and introduces general tourism networks,policy networks,knowledge and information network,recommending network,marketing network,fund flow network,competition network and the definition of their actor and relation,and then illustrates the data collection,evaluation indicator and network model this paper used.Section 2,from chapter 4 to 7,is the empirical part.After hackling the common development mode of heritage destination in China,This paper introduces the background and mode of Huangshan,Hongcun and Xidi,and then puts forward the hypotheses,accord to their conditions.This paper explains them in the following four aspects:Firstly,based on the sizes,homogeneity,heterogeneity,reciprocity analysis of the actors' ego-network,this paper shows that,the general tourism network,knowledge and information network,and recommending network possess the multiple objects and certain reciprocity character,while the relation-objects in policy network center on governments and tourism administrations.On the other hand,the whole network analysis of destination networks exhibits their density,centrality,sub-group,core-periphery characters.It come to the conclusions that,except the policy networks which are similar to star-shaped networks,the other networks are loosely structured,of which,general tourism networks have higher density because of their multi-variant and identifications,governments and tourism administrations possess higher centralities,occupy key roles in the networks,especially policy and knowledge networks.Besides this,this paper also discusses the relation among the networks.By QAP correlation and regression methods,it reveals that,the networks are not isolate,policy network and knowledge network,general network and recommending network existence relative dependency,while the general network are affected by all others,especially the recommending networks.All of analyses are indicated that,the effect of development modes to tourism destination networks mainly embodies the roles and functions of government,administrations and management companies of attractions,tourism relations between destination enterprises.Otherwise,this paper discusses the influence factor briefly,and owing them to distance,community embeddedness,instrumentality and benefits acquired,et al.Secondly,beyond the contrast of tourism networks in three destinations,this paper analyzes the actors' perception and attitude to the networks and relationships on the case of Huangshan.It comes to the conclusions that,almost all the actors are positive to every tourism network and their properties do not affect the attitudes,but the positive attitude could not bring actors more behaviors and high status in networks.Simultaneously,the most required of actors are the benefits and actions of tourism networks.Finally,this paper hackles the evolution process and space-time characters of Huangshan destination networks,it points out that the networks have been going through a series of 'no connection','government-sponsored star-shaped networks','government and community double-drive networks' and 'multi levels,elements networks the communities participated extensively',as the strengthening of communities power in the future,Huangshan tourism network would enter into an era of community-sponsored destination networks.In addition,this paper assigns the evolution to the life-cycle stages and tourist capacity,policy and planning adjustment,location and transport,local culture and path dependence.Section 3,which summarizes the text,refines an innovative point,and gives prospects for future research,is the conclusion.Tourism destination network research is a new and complicated field.There are some innovative efforts in following aspects:firstly,this paper deepens the joint studies of social network and tourism geographies,enriches social geographies in destination research,generalizes their contents and research paradigm,and constructs a systematic analysis of tourism destination network.Secondly,this paper puts destination network research into the background of development mode.It would not only verify the applicability of destination networks,but preliminary illuminate their internal relations and interaction.Thirdly,by taking perception and attitude research,this paper tries to initiate a view of destination stakeholders to tourism destination networks.Finally,based on destination life-cycle theory,this paper hackles the evolution vein and space-time characters of destination networks. |
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