A Study Of The Formation And Transition Of Mongolia's Contemporary Democratic Electoral System

The new constitution of Mongolia launched in 1992 points out that "to build a humane,fair democratic society is a lofty goal for itself.Ultimately,the basic form of achieving democratic politics is election.It has been 26 years since Mongolia held a democratic election for the first time in 1990.During this period,Mongolia had held seven National Great Hural(hereinafter referred to as the Parliament)elections,seven local elections,six presidential elections,10 by-elections of National Great Hural.Although the democratic system in Mongolia has been developed dramatically and prominently,we can not ignore a series of existing problems among democratic elections in Mongolia.This article conducts multiple perspectives to research the process of parliamentary elections and presidential elections.Especially,we focus on main changes and transitions in this period and give systematic summaries towards its gains and loss.According to the formation and development of the Mongolian electoral system,it could be divided into several stages as 1921 to 1940,1940-1960 and after 1960 respectively.In this paper,we denote them as stage of formation and stage of transition among historical evolution of Mongolian electoral system.Between 1921 and 1924,the initial attempt by the people was to choose their own state agencies and government which laid the foundations of electoral institutions.Then,in the era of 1924-1949,Mongolia finished two different stages of electoral system in which political candidates were basically elected not by whole people but by class: The first stage is 1924-1944,the rights of voting was classified by class.The second stage is 1944-1947,the universal suffrage was generally been protected formally.The transitional period of the Mongolian electoral system could be divided into two historical stages as 1949 to 1990 and 1990 to 1992.Among them,the electoral system was successfully transferred into new democratic orders.However,even it had achieved democratic goals such as general suffrage,fairness,directness and secret ballot,but there was something still unchanged such as electoral content,electoral goals which were less like liberal elections higher but more like upper appointment.Until now,Mongolia has held seven parliamentary elections in 1992,1996,2000,2004,2008,2012 and 2016.Due to time atmosphere,economic situations,party policy goals,social ecology,electoral system,changing of electoral laws and other influencing factors were quite different,each period of election was unique.This paper will attempt to analyze advantages&disadvantages and casual mechanism among them as well as illustrate important events and turning points.Until now,Mongolia has held six presidential elections in 1993,1997,2001,2005,2009 and 2013 respectively,among which the MPP won three times and the the DP took the remains.Generally,because of different backgrounds such as time,economy,political situation and the voters recognition as well as electoral proposal,each presidential election was different.This paper will attempt more about analyzing advantages&disadvantages and casual mechanism than facial descriptions towards each of election.It has been 26 years since Mongolia democratic elections began.Although it has always pursued a set of basic principles such like fairness,freedom,equality and privacy,the modern electoral politics derived from western world dose not seems suited to eastern civilization genuinely.How it could be modified and adjusted appropriately in the process of localization beyond simply transplanted from outside is the core question in this thesis.