| "Jebtsundamba Khutughtu" is honored as "weinberg" or "Bogd Khan" by Mongolians,which is translated as "bright person of high order".Jebtsundamba living Buddha reincarnation system is one of the four living Buddha systems of Tibetan Buddhism,and enjoys equal popularity with Dalai Lama,Panchen Erdeni,Changkya Khutughtu reincarnation systems.Jebtsundamba living Buddha reincarnation system was formed:in the the late Ming and early Qing dynasty.In 1691,when Kangxi Emperor held alliance in Dolon Nor,the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was officially titled as "Grand Lama",at the top of the prince of Kalka,which symbolized Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was in charge of church and state affairs in Kalka Mongolia area as the chief political and religious leader.The first and second Jebtsundamba Khutughtu were all born in Tuxietuhan.They did very important contribution to the politics,religion and culture of Kalka Mongolia,and great contributions to resist the invasion of Russia,settle internal dispute and realize the unification of the Qing Dynasty.Starting from the third Jebtsundamba,the successors were all Tibetan.This was the great change of Jebtsundamba reincarnation system on the aspect of affirmation,also an important expression of the Qing Emperor to interfere and limit this reincarnation system.In the mid to late Qing Dynasty,Jebtsundamba system contributed less on politics,but the fourth and fifth Jebtsundamba Khutughtu did great contribution on the aspects of building temples,reorganizing temple orders and promoting Buddhism.The eighth Jebtsundamba was the most controversial living Buddha in history,his merits and demerits had different evaluations.When the eighth Jebtsundamba was young,he was arrogant but intelligent,diligent and eager to learn Buddha dharma;many of his political thoughts were formed during this period.In 1911,as the political and religious leader of Kalka Mongolia,the eighth Jebtsundamba launched "national independent movement",and broke away from the Qing Dynasty with the provinces in mainland after the Revolution of 1911.Outer Mongolia leaded by the eighth Jebtsundamba experienced political reforms of independence,autonomy,withdrawal of autonomy,secondary independence successively,throughout every political evolution of the eighth Jebtsundamba,all were closely linked with central government’s profound revolutionary change and strategy of governing Mongolia.Jebtsundamba’s political evolution was against the unification of the country,national unity and common aspiration of inner and outer Mongolian people.The independence of Outer Mongolia leaded by Jebtsundamba went towards the end is historic necessity.But for the independence of Outer Mongolia leaded by Jebtsundamba,we should judge the applied "diplomatic means" of the change in the fence objectively under certain historical conditions.Putting the blame of Outer Mongolia’s independence completely on Jebtsundamba seemed to be biased,and also overstated the ability and status of the eighth Jebtsundamba.Besides,the contributions of the eighth Jebtsundamba on the aspects of Outer Mongolia’s religious,culture,law innovation and economic exchanges with central government should be highly affirmed.In the early republican period,because of tangled warfare between warlords,the government couldn’t treat Tibetan Buddhism as before,and the carrot and stick of Tsarist Russia,expansion of Mongolia revolutionary party,Jebtsundamba reincarnation system which had continued for more than two hundred years faced unprecedented trouble.In 1924,after the parinirvana of the eighth Jebtsundamba,Mongolia stopped the visit and affirmation of the ninth Jebtsundamba reincarnated soul boy,started the construction of socialism system depended on the Soviet Union for half a century,and abandoned traditional Tibetan Buddhism under the guidance of Marxism materialism and the Soviet Union’s power religion policy.However,as the main religious belief of the Mongolian people,the status of Tibetan Buddhism was unshakable among Mongolia believers,and showed great influence to maintain social stability and normative social morality.In 1990,for nearly 70 years,in the great hular meeting of Mongolia,the religious circles proposed the decision of recovering Buddhism again,established the culture dominant status of Tibetan Buddhism,and brought order out of chaos of Mongolia religious extremism from 1920s to the 1940s,especially evaluated correctly to the historical status of the eighth Jebtsundamba,and the consideration of the identifying the ninth Jebtsundamba.In April,1990,Mongolia social democratic party held academic seminar on the 120th anniversary of the birth of the eighth Jebtsundamba,and discussed the authenticity of the ninth Jebtsundamba who lived in India;in August,1995,academic seminar on the 360th anniversary of the birth of the first Jebtsundamba was held.The convening of the two seminars affirmed the religious and political status of Jebtsundamba system,and evaluated its historical contribution objectively.For quite a long time after that,Mongolia believers regarded inviting the ninth Jebtsundamba far in Dharamsala,India as "the highest goal" of Buddhism renaissance,and carried out preparation works about the invitation actively.After 20 years of efforts from Mongolia Buddhist circle and the strongly support of the Mongolia government,on 2nd,November,2011,the ninth Jebtsundamba held royal enthronement ceremony in Gandan monastery,Ulan Bator as the official citizen of Mongolia.He was worshiped as the supreme leader of Buddhism by all circles of Mongolia together.The ninth Jebtsundamba was finally welcomed back to Mongolia.It was not only a big event in Mongolian Buddhist history,but also a great event of Mongolia.The ninth Jebtsundamba passed away in Gandan monastery,Ulan Bator on 1st,March,2012.Mongolia is confronted with the searching and affirmation of the tenth Jebtsundamba.The successive tenth Jebtsundamba will make use of the name of Jebtsundamba,inherit merits and virtues of all Jebtsundamba,finish the career of benefiting all living creatures left behind by them,and continue to promote Buddhism.The restoration of Tibetan Buddhism and reconfirmation of Jebtsundamba by Mongolia conform the wishes of Mongols,also inherit and promote Mongolian traditional culture.While affirming the superiority of Tibetan Buddhism and the contributions of all Jebtsundamba,the inestimable importance of Tibetan Buddhism to social development of present Mongolia is also affimed.The continuity of Jebtsundamba reincarnation system is the important manifestation of Tibetan Buddhism’s inheritance and promotion in Mongolia,has positive and profound influence on the establishment of Tibetan Buddhism’s leading role,also has crucial effect on resisting the invasion of foreign religion,insuring long period of stability of Mongolian society,building harmonious society and smart country,and the continue of Jebtsundamba system in Mongolia. |
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