Research On The Management System Of Medical Officials In The Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty is a very important period in the history of Chinese medicine,and the medical officer plays an extremely important role.Medical officers refer to the medical staff serving in the central and local medical institutions.They enjoy the salary of the state and accept government administration.Its main responsibilities include diagnosing and treating patients,compiling medical books,teaching medicine,preventing and controlling epidemic diseases,etc.Therefore,the study of medical officer management is a very important part of the study of the medical system in the Song Dynasty.After consulting a large number of data,it has been found that the system of medical officials of the Song Dynasty is relatively rare,and some contents are even blank.This paper investigated the background as the starting,the management system of the Song Dynasty medical officer in discusses the medical officer,on the basis of basic situation,the education of medical officer,examination,selection and sent,rewards and punishment and so on various aspects to investigation and analysis,makes every effort to clarify the physician operation ways of management system and the implementation results.The study for understanding the Song Dynasty medical administration management organization operation mechanism,to explore the factors in the development of Song Dynasty medicine has important historical value,of the current effective sound to the implementation of the management measures,give full play to the doctor's social function,alleviate the tense doctor-patient relationship,also has a more profound practical significance.The full text is divided into the following parts:1.Overview of medical officer management system before Song Dynasty.In the western Zhou Dynasty,the earliest medical officer management system appeared in China.The first doctor of Zhou Li,has detailed the classification,responsibility and efficacy assessment of doctors.During the Qin and Han dynasties,the education institution was not established,and the government was selected as the chief medical officer.During the Wei,Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties,there was the first appearance of the chief medical officer,the medical department.In the eastern Jin dynasty,the medical disease order appeared,which marked the legalization of the management of medical officials.The Sui and Tang dynasties had been reduced,and the official medical science education developed,and the selection of medical officers included the three forms of the living,the tributary and the system,which tended to be diversified.Due to the development of law,such as "tang law" and "the tang law explanation",the management of medical officials is institutionalized.2.Implementation background of medical officer management system in Song Dynasty.The Song Dynasty was the era of the high development of the centralized authoritarianism,the supremacy of the imperial power,and the distinctive characteristics of the people.In the Song Dynasty,the land private property rights system was implemented,the land was bought and sold freely,and the commodity economy was greatly developed.In the Song Dynasty,the basic state policy of suppressing Wu was adopted,and the government advocated "benevolent government",emphasizing medicine and treating it as benevolence.The culture of this kind of worship makes medicine develop soil.At the same time,the number of medical practitioners has increased,so that the selection of medical officials has obtained reliable sources.In the Song Dynasty,the civil servants were divided into three categories,namely,the county magistrate,the capital official and the official promotion officer.The separation of officials,posts and orders made the management of the medical officers show diversity.In the Song Dynasty,officials adopted the imperial examination system,which was applied to the selection of medical officials as "trial selection".The legal system in the Song Dynasty consists of law,order,order,style,fault,command,and bar system.These forms are fully reflected in the management of medical officers.3.Analysis of the basic situation of medical officers in Song Dynasty.The medical staff in the Song Dynasty was managed by a specialized medical institution,which mainly included medical administration,pharmaceutical administration,medical education and medical assistance.In the early Song Dynasty,education was not established,and the number of medical officers was relatively low.Dynasty,the medical education toward specialization,a trial method,of filling method,recommend method and way to use a lot,but objectively has also led to the physician Numbers somewhat redundant,and the phenomenon is the highest number of 1069 people.During the southern Song Dynasty,the number of medical officers was greatly reduced due to frequent conflicts and financial constraints,and the minimum number of medical officers was reduced to 43.The functions of the medical officers in Song Dynasty mainly include the prevention and control of epidemic diseases,the medical books,the treatment of patients,and the teaching of medicine.Through the assessment of the main duties of the medical officer,the government determines the salary,promotion,rewards and punishments,and achieves the goal of administering the medical officer.Before the middle of the northern Song Dynasty,the rank of medical officer was subordinate to the rank of military officer.In the later period of the northern Song Dynasty to the end of the southern Song Dynasty,to strengthen management and to highlight the functions of medical officers,the government implemented the 20th second-order medical officers who were independent of WenWu officials.The higher the rank of medical officers,the higher the salary and reward.The highest rank of medical officer is from six products,all green clothes;In the case of the emperor,you can blush or purple.The HanLin doctor of the above rank other medical officials as the official account,enjoy certain privileges.In addition to the higher status of the ancient times because of the medical attachment,the social status of the medical officer decreased with the strengthening of the centralized authoritarian system.Because the emperor of the Song Dynasty paid more attention to the medical science and the influence of the heavy text,the social status of the medical officer was greatly improved.However,the overall social status of the medical officer and the civil and military officials of the same period is still relatively low.4.The main content of medical officer management system.The main contents of the medical officer management system include the following six aspects:Education management It was administered by the medical department in the early Song Dynasty(education),which was divided into nine sections.Medical students were divided into two categories:medicine and acupuncture,and were taught by medical doctors and teaching assistants.In the middle of the northern Song Dynasty,the government specialized in the medical bureau and practiced the specialized medicine education,which has been used in the southern Song Dynasty.Late northern Song Dynasty,"three house too medical method" education pattern to branch,grading,teaching mode,medical students learned information both classic medical books,the sense,also has the song government implement the various aspects to give full expression to the song government's emphasis on medical education.Examination management The entrance examination for medical students in the Song Dynasty is called a trial supplement.The government has detailed regulations on admission qualification,examination content,examination questions and employment standards.If the medical officer is to be sent or promoted,he should take the exam,which is conducted by the ministry of rites,and comprehensively investigate the level,moral character and verbal expression ability of medical officers.All kinds of examinations mainly look at the classics,Fang Shu,the grass and other contents,and pay attention to clinical diagnosis and treatment;Examination questions include ink,pulse,righteousness,righteousness,luck,and false order.In order to ensure the fairness and order of the examination,the government of the Song Dynasty strictly adopted the system of locking test,forbidding the book,passing the examination paper,and making the transcribing,etc.,so as to prevent cheating in the exam.Selection management It is the main way for the government of song.In the later period of the northern Song Dynasty,the government also adopted the three-way medical treatment method,which combined the examination results with the daily discipline in the medical life.The law of recruitment and introduction is the auxiliary means for the selection of medical officers by the government of Song Dynasty,which is usually used when the number of medical officers is lacking.The main basis of selection is the therapeutic level of the participants;Of filling is based on the laws of the gift of the emperor to the physician and awarded the special behavior of their children medical officer qualifications,but who were the doctor if you want to get jobs or promotion,still need to be normal for the exam,so the essence of replenishing method also belong to the scope of auxiliary way.Sent Management The sent medical officers included the emperor order,the HanLin hospital,and the three ways.In combination with the actual situation of medical officials,the government of Song Dynasty established the principle of sending and dispatching according to test scores,service,actual needs and full-time distribution.In order to avoid chaos,the government has also established medical officials to send thin,so that the implementation process is well documented.It also regulates and corrects the behavior of the medical officer in violation of the regulations,and puts the details into the scope of the medical examiner's examination.Assessment management The Song Dynasty adopted the combination of the examination and the MoKan,in order to comprehensively examine the tenure of the medical officer,the level of medical treatment and the level of medical ethics.The family resume and hand calendar are the main instruments for the medical examiner's examination.The term of service of the medical officer is emphasized,and the rank of promotion can be promoted if the term is usually five years.The course focuses on medical treatment,medical errors,and the number of people to be cured.Reward and punishment management In the Song Dynasty,the reward was mainly administrative and economic reward was supplemented.The administrative rewards mainly include the promotion and reform,the transfer,the exemption,the reduction of the grinding and so on;Economic incentives include the means of giving Juan,listening,etc.The punishment measures include criminal punishment,administrative penalty and economic punishment,among which the criminal punishment mainly includes medical treatment,management,imprisonment and theft.The administrative penalty includes the following forms:expulsion,withdrawal,pursuit,demotion,reduction of duty,etc.The economic penalty is mainly copper.5.Discussion and analysisThe management system of medical officer in Song Dynasty had a clear breakthrough in three aspects:towards professional management;The institutional trend is obvious;Based on the basic framework of medical administration,a systematic overall management pattern has been formed from the central to the local area.The medical officer management system in Song Dynasty has the characteristics of distinct professionalism,certain flexibility and strong stability.It has played an effective role in managing medical officials,improving the social status and healing level of medical officials and promoting the development of medical science in the Song Dynasty,and has achieved good social effects to some extent.The implementation results of education training,elective management,assessment management,rewards and punishments,etc.,can enlighten the management of Chinese doctors today.6.Conclusion and revelation?The management system of medical officials in Song Dynasty was inherited and innovated on the basis of the medical officer management system before the Song Dynasty,and gradually developed and perfected.? medical officer management system is in the Song Dynasty Song Dynasty specific political,economic,cultural,system,law and so on synthesis of running under the influence of factors,in line with the social development at that time,has the distinct characteristics of The Times;?In the Song Dynasty,the medical officer management system improved the social status and medical treatment of medical officials in Song Dynasty,and promoted the development of medical science in the Song Dynasty.?The management system of medical officer in Song Dynasty has important reference and enlightening effect on the management of contemporary Chinese doctors.