Neuroprotective Components From Pulsatilla Cernua

Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht et Opiz.,belonging to Ranunculaceae, is mainly distributed in Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang province of China and is also widely distributed in South Korea and Japan. It has effect of expelling toxin by cooling and stoping bleeding by cooling blood, and is commonly used in the treatment of dysentery and other diseases. Modern research showed that saponin-enriched fraction of this plant has significant neuroprotective effect and was tested as a kind of drug for preventing and treating Alzheimer's Disease, among them, the phase III trial of saponin-enriched part is ongoing.In this thesis, 30 triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of roots of P. cernua, and 28 of them have been elucidated. Five of them were new compounds and the aglycone gypsogenin is reported for the first time from this genus.The neuroprotective effect of n-BuOH extract against A? induced cytotoxicity was studied. Further investigation of saponin-enriched fraction showed some kinds of saponins have significant neuroprotective effect.The structures of these compounds are as follows:Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1);Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-D-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester(2); Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester(3); Gypsogenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4); Gypsogenin 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2) [?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)] -?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (5); Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranoside (6);Hederagenin 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranoside (7); Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranoside (8); Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranoside (9); Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranoside(10); Hederagenin 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranoside (11);Oleanolic acid 28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (12); Hederagenin 28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (13); Hederagenin 3-O-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(l?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (14); Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (15); Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (16); Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (17); Hederagenin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?>2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (18); Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (19); Hederagenin 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-a-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester(20); Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (21); Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (22); Oleanolic acid 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (23); Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)[?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)]-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (24);Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (25);Bayogenin 28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (26); 23-Hydroxybetulinic acid 3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (27); Hederagenin 3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?3)-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (28)?...