Research On Consumption Reduction And Incentive Mechanism Of Demand Side Management In Distribution Systems

During 2018 National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held in March in Beijing,represents discussed the development of energy policy.It is persisted that a clean,low-carbon,safe and efficient energy system should be established.On the one hand,we must coordinate the development of renewable energy and traditional coal-fired power,enhance the top-level design and technology innovation on the customers' demand-side.On the other hand,we need to perfect policies to promote the development and utilization of new energy sources.However,the intermittence of renewable energy brings security risks to the power systems.Therefore,demand side management(DSM)technology can help grid operators to stabilize wind power and the intermittent nature of solar power generation and solve energy demand,particularly the timing and magnitude of energy demand do not coincide with the renewable generation.DSM applies demand reduction incentive policies to guide users to reduce electricity consumption when the peak locational marginal pricing(LMP)occurs.Alternatively,energy use time can be shifted to off-peak hours such as nights and weekends,thereby reducing power generation.The benefits of DSM aim at reducing system cost,deferring power system upgrades,increasing grid flexibility,enhancing system reliability,and improving the total economy.This paper mainly designs customer voluntary demand response(CVDR)mechanisms based on the techniques,such as conversation voltage reduction(CVR)and demand response(DR)to reduce the economic losses of the power companies when the power systems are jeopardized.Firstly,an equivalent thermodynamic parameters(ETP)model is proposed to verify that the air conditioning and the refrigerator can save energy under 2% and 4% voltage drop.The CVR effect of the ETP load clusters was analyzed and verified by the North American metropolitan area 1666-node mesh distribution system and the IEEE-8500 node radial distribution system.The simulation study shows that the mesh distribution system can generate more prominent energy saving and demand reduction than the radial distribution system in the CVR application.At the same time,it validates the importance of the ETP model for CVR analysis of refrigeration loads.Secondly,a customer demand voluntary response(CVDR)program was proposed.A bilevel optimization(BP)deterministic solution for power companies and users was solved with the combination the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)optimality and Big-M method.The proposed nonlinear BP is derived into a single-level mixed integer linear programming(MILP)problem.The numerical study with 3-bus and IEEE-8500 node radial distribution network verify that the CVDR program can not only improves the user's revenue,but also reduces peak demand of the grid.Thirdly,a coupon allocation method based on the Shapley value(SV)fairness mechanism is proposed.The SV mechanism allocates incentives among different agents based on their marginal contributions to the entire alliances.The SV-CVDR program achieves bilevel Stackelberg equilibrium between the power companies and users.Due to the enthusiasm improvement of the dominant agent,the return on investment of the power companies is largely promoted.Finally,with the defect of the CVDR and SV-CVDR programs in balancing user's daily electricity demand,a time scale based CVDR(TS-CVDR)program is adopted.The numerical analysis with 3-bus distribution system,with installed photovoltaic distribution generation(PVDG)on the customers side and energy storage(ES)affiliated to the power company,verifies that the TS-CVDR program can further reduce economic losses of the power companies.