| Fragment environmental protection is unable to meet with the requirement of providing public goods due to complex benefits in resources allocation and unclear boundary of involved actors.It is necessary to study the cross-regional payments for ecosystem services(PES)for promoting endogenous power of the environment.However,alternative of market-based and government-based approach,determination of stakeholders,standard of payment amount have been serious issues that blocked the cross-regional PES for decades.In practical cases,allocations of responsibilities and administrative barriers are the main obstacles of cross-regional PES projects.Estanblishing vertical multi-leveled framework for cross-regional PES is an effective way for cross-regional delema of PES.The framework of cross-regional PES is required to reflect the equal status of the stakeholders,the compatibility of ecology and economy,the allocation of ecological resources.Moreover,a successful framework is also in need of the stability of participation,and can lead the production to a greener way.Based on the concept of the ecological supply and demand,a top-down framework for cross-regional payments ecosystem services(TDFCR-PES)which regards multiple levels of governments as the main paticipants.Considering historical responsibility and environmental demands,indicators of economic development,regional fiscal capacity,and efficiency of resource consumption are included in the modification process to mitigate the obstacles of actors'participation.In order to avoid unexpected factors to affect the equity of the framework that aroused by the modification process,this paper has evaluate the modification coefficient and equity index to make sure the payment amounts are kept in an equitable range.Finally,a multi-agent simulation model has been developed to predict the payment amounts of different types of regions under different scenerios.This framework is demonstrated on provincial(31 provinces of Mainland China),city(16 districts of Beijing,16 districts of Tianjin,11 cities of Hebei)levels,and county(11 counties of Chengde)in China,to illustrate its robustness in coping with complex payment relationship associated with multi-level administrative actors.Considering the representativeness and the generalization of the proposed framework,Chengde,Jing-Jin-Ji districts and China,which are of great economic and political importance,and interdependency of ecological resources spatially,is in desperate need of cross-regional PES.Based on the proposed framework,the ecological supply and demand level,payment amount of the study area are achieved.Based on the data of 31 provinces,a multi-agent simulation modle has been constructed by MATLAB to simulate the improvement of the environment and the economy.Four scenarios has been adopted in scenario analysis which are no PES,PES without regulation,PES with weak regulation,PES with strong regulation.Results show that TDFCR-PES provides external stimulus for restoration and reconstruction for environment.However,the behaviors for improving environment decrease gradually with time.It will be better to motivate the actors during the mid to later periods.In the aspect of fund utilization rate,giving subsidy to the western part in priority will be better,and the middle part and the eastern part will be the next.It is suggested that PES investment should be given to the places with higher sensibility of the investment.This paper is an important attempt for the methods and theories in PES systems."Many-many" delama of cross-regional PES has been improved,and policy experiment method has been adopted to quantitize the relationship between PES investment and environmental improvement.However,TDFCR-PES is an ideal framework,overall planning,and characteristics of administrative regions,historical effects are not considered.Effects of administrative management,ecological awareness,science and technological input should be considered in further study. |
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