Study On Zhu Yingdan’s New Poetry

This paper synthetically explores Zhu Yingdan’s new poetry in four parts:poetics, theme, artistry and relationship between Chinese and Western poetry. This paper is aimed at describing the creation condition of Zhu Yingdan’s new poetry, explains his new poetry’s basic characteristics, and discusses its property and status.The introduction introduces Zhu Yingdan’s lifetime and the creation condition of his new poetry, analyses the gain and the loss of the research on his new poetry for years, and explains the key problems and the main methods of this study.The first chapter concludes Zhu Yingdan’s poetics. He formed a complete set of views on new poetry with his own creation experience and poetic thoughts. What is new poetry? Why new poetry is established? The fundamental problem dominated all thoughts of Zhu Yingdan’s new poetry. Zhu Yingdan thought that only when the new poetry has two characters—the"universal" and the"permanent", then it will establish definitely and will be "new" and be "poetry". Zhu Yingdan envisaged the inherent regulations of new poetry in a high level. He studied into the specific questions of new poetry’s experience and expression which he realized are the specific ways to ensure that the new poetry realize its own value. The "experience" which Zhu Yingdan said is a kind of unique aesthetic thought. It has a special structure and property, it not only has contingency, but also has inevitability. It stressed the role of feeling, and did not neglect intellectuality. And it recognized oneself and the world by the cognitive ability. Zhu Yingdan stressed the importance of expression, gave a new connotation of "express inner thoughts by language", and thought the rhetoric, style and new expression form in the new stage of development. He advocated that the poets should thoroughly understand the nature of modern vernacular, use words and make sentences conscientiously, and write poetry by prose which in order to write free poetry in true meaning and achieve a consistence on experience and expression. These views are very targeted. They inherited and deepened the thoughts of Hu Shi、Fei Ming and others on new poetry’s problems.The second chapter discusses the theme of Zhu Yingdan’s poetry. The theme of Zhu Yingdan’s poetry is multiple, we can conclude it into three kinds:the daily life, the pastoral and the dream, which prop up the world of meaning of his poetry. Daily life is the reality location in which people put himself all the time. With the enlightenment of poetic spirit, Zhu Yingdan realized the importance of daily life, he tried to construct the ideal state that the daily life and poetry depend on each other for existence and motivate each other. He made poetry built on deep soil of life, at the same time used the poetic spirit to illuminate the reality of life. Pastoral represents a way of life which is losing and a spiritual home worth recalling. Therefore, Zhu Yingdan created the meaning of "spiritual space", the "space" not only include the close things such as plants, animals, courtyards and streets, but also include the distant things such as cosmos; It is a daily place where a person read, walk, shrub garden or water vegetable, and a utopia that poet imagine. Zhu Yingdan also made poetry tentacles into more profound dream world. The theme include mother love, homesickness and the missing of sky and sea. Zhu Yingdan opened the field of subconscious, and formed a pattern of poetry and dream. Zhu Yingdan’s poetic world is true, aesthetic and highly personalized. It is corresponding with reality of the times, and showing strong criticism. From daily life to dream, Zhu Ying traveled in a three-dimensional poetry world.The third chapter focuses on art of Zhu Yingdan’s new poetry. We put our eyes onto the image, language and structure of his new poetry, ponder over the connotation, the form and the skill of poetry. Zhu Yingdan constructed many images, including daily life, nature and dream. Zhu Yingdan paid attention to the characters of things in different aspects, created new images with his own experience. Images were arranged in a high density and were on the hook. He broke the tradition of classical poetry, chased the beauty of art in the overall effect. Between new poetry and modern Chinese, there is a dialectical relationship which is entangled and stimulative. Zhu Yingdan was involved in language exploration of new poetry in the situation that new poetry and modern Chinese support and promote each other. He valued experience, realized the ideal of "poetry’s writing" by constructing inner viewpoint language, imagery language and tension sentence structure. In his exploration, it produced another possibility: the self referential of poetry language. In this way, it created a soft, flexible and expressive poetry language, and also enhanced the character of modern Chinese. The structure of poetry was the clue of poetry and the paradigm of poetry expression. Zhu Yingdan had a consciousness of poetry structure. The structure of Zhu Yingdan’s poetry has three different types, they are the small poem type, the veranda gallery type and the clouds type. Zhu Yingdan borrowed the structure of the art, brought freedom into the inner of poetry maximizely. Zhu Yingdan enriched the artistic of Chinese modern poetry with his exploration.The fourth chapter explored the relationship between Zhu Yingdan’s poetry and western poetry in comparative perspective. The western poetry has a strong influence on the development of modern poet’s poetry. From the view of the poet’s self, it is a kind of independent borrowing. Zhu Yingdan comprehended the essential ideas of symbolism that is "correspondence between spirits and objects". And he also got the way of re-perceiving the world. The suggestion of symbolism inspired him to elevate image to an expression which is in the dominant position, and enhance the effect of expression. The "pure poetry" activated his consciousness of "true poetry" that with ontological meaning. T· S· Eliot’s deep and perfect poetic attracted Zhu Yingdan. He helped Zhu Yingdan broke the restrictions of symbolism of "pure poetry", cultivate emotional, intellectual and sensory experience operating coordinately. In this instigate of thinking ability, Zhu Yingdan found the way of re-perceiving the world and himself, and gained the ability to contain various experience. The traditional Chinese classical poetry is another resource, the represents of Tang and Song poet as Li He and Yang Wanli made a profound influence on Zhu Yingdan. Li He’s bitter poem inspired Zhu Yingdan turned to inward in experience, made his poetry into a fantasy artistic conception, made the way of expression more complicated, and improved the form of poetry. Yang Wanli’s "humor" style that regared the "interest" as the core of poetry helped Zhu Yingdan adjusted his writing way. His poetry style tended to deep fine plain. The formation and change of Zhu Yingdan’s poetry, cannot do without the nourishment of Chinese poetry and Western poetry.The conclusion summarizes the main points of each section, reflects some shortcomings of Zhu Yingdan’s new poetry, and makes an overall appraisal of his new poetry’s achievement.