Nietzsche And Russian Literature Of The19th And20th Centuries

This paper analyzes the impact of Nietzsche’s philosophy on the19th and early20th century’s Russian literature. Analys of this effect can be put aside of the "historical" way so that a separate analys of the human phenomenon in the history of literature could be provided, within its internal interactions between philosophy and literature in the social and cultural discourse. Similar method can be used to multiply literaral and cultural images of people’s minds which have a lot of social wealth and powerful literary force. Relationship between different forms of discourse shows the important changes and leads us in the early20th century to the emergence of a large number of excellent literary and critical works have appeard in Russia. The many writers have begun to translate and study the works of Nietzsche and other famous philosophers that makes it possible for us to accelerate the process of literary Renaissance.The first chapter describes and analyzes the basic concepts of Nietzsche’s philosophy. For him, philosophy exploration is life, life is philosophical exploration. He created a different models of his philosophy, expounded it in his own way. His philosophy has no causes, no system framework, not a theory of the system, but it full of the pain and joy of life directly sentiment that make it influence so powerful. Nietzsche began his academic writings with work called "The Birth of Tragedy", a critique of modern civilization. He pointed out that, in a capitalist society, despite fast increasing of material wealth, true freedom and happiness can’t be found. Dead mechanical mode suppressed human personality which leads to the lost of passion and urge of creation, suppress free thinking. Modern culture is so decadent; this is the disease of modern civilization, the fundamental reason of despondency. Nietzsche pointed out the way to heal this disease of modern civilization:society must restore the instinct of human life, give it a new soul, and make a new interpretation of the meaning of life.Nietzsche’s philosophy has a dual nature. On the one hand, Nietzsche inherited the essence of the Age of the Enlightenment that reflects to the modern consciousness. His positive affirmation of the value of life forces people to over-think the meaning of life and the value of life and makes them to change it. Rational criticism, on the other hand, brings the negation of the traditional one-sidedness that was deeply appreciated by postmodernists.The second chapter studies the critical thinking of Nietzsche, as well as his works of the1890s and the beginning of the20th centuries which have become very popular in Russia. This’s brought a new stream of creativity. This study point still was not explained in theory because of wide range of historical and sociocultural events. The most important thing is that formal methods of research on this subject could lead to separation in the understanding of the processes in the literature uder the influence of Nietzsche’s philosophy in all levels.(For example, the level of popular literature rarely been studied). In addition, the second chapter also describes the pioneers of Nietzsche’s philosophy studies.Also the second chapter describes the way of popularization of Nietzsche’s philosophy. This phenomenon not only provides more profound studies on the subject but also becomes the basis of assimilation prosses with social reality in Russia.The third and four chapters introduce the world of literature after fierce controversy on the interpretation of the philosophy of Nietzsche. And every time the attempt to summarize and explore the characteristics of it, to overall results of this culture diversity haven’t been complete. So in this point writers were more and more attracted by this discourse. Here reaserch divides into a few main literary directions:the direction of the deputies involved in the same course of the discussion. Despite of different ways of writers perception of philosophy depths of national consciousness have a lot in common.The third chapter describes some mid-level writers and their exploration of the idea of "self-realization". These writers made a great contribution to the democratization of Superman thinking. The first writer is Leonid Andreev (1871-1919) who is quiet famous; and the second one is Mikhail Artsybashev (1878-1927) who belongs to the "lowest level" writers. Because of these writers impact a widespread influence on different levels of society was made soo the idea of "self-realization" had become real.Chapters four is dedicated to symbolist understanding of Nietzsche’s philosophy. This includes writers, critics and poets. They constantly update their thinking, what leads us to an idea of "finding God". This group of writers included Dmitry Merezhkovsky (1865-1941), Vyacheslav Ivanov (1866-1949) and Zinaida Gippius (1869-1945) and Andrei Bely (Boris Bugayev,1880-1934). The main issue was the antiChrist and antireligious philosophy of Nietzsche, how it works with religious conscious of Russian people and become a starting point of the myth creation.Aside of a new tradition forming, the symbolistic idea of the new world find itself far beyond the areas of literary dialogue. Often these writers are divided from the turn of the century and seen as a new romantic genre in Western Europe. However, in the popular culture of Nietzsche’s philosophy, they actively participate in the much bigger cultural process.So emphasizing on Nietzsche’s proposed subject, there is no doubt that on the beginning the majority of Russian readers had vulgarizated of Nietzsche’s works and they had been accustomed to read it in Russian Romantic literature tradition. And only when younger generation started to develop their own understanding of Nietzsche’s philosophy; when their personal ideology was stimulated by his ideas a truly new way of thinking appeard. These gives Nietzsche’s philosophy a new perspective to clarify Russian traditions in a new great significance.