High Efficiency Mechanisms To Achieve Wireless Sensor Networks Working Performance

Forest is considered as one of the most important and indispensable resources, the prevention and detection of the forest fire, have been researched hotly in worldwide Forest Fire Prevention Departments. Based on the deficiencies of conventional forest fire detection on real time and monitoring accuracy, the wireless sensor network technique for forest fire detection was introduced, together with satellite monitoring, aerial patrolling and manual watching, an omni-bearing and stereoscopic air and ground forest-fire detection pattern was found so that the decision for fire-extinguishing or fire prevention can be made rightly and real-timely by related government departments.Fire fighting services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires. Trained fire fighters use fire apparatus, Wildfire prevention refers to the preemptive methods of reducing the risk of fires as well as lessening its severity and spread. Effective prevention techniques allow supervising agencies to manage air quality, maintain ecological balances, protect resources, and to limit the effects of future uncontrolled fires.Fast and effective detection is a key factor in wildfire fighting. Early detection efforts were focused on early response, accurate results in both day-time and night-time, and the ability to prioritize fire danger.We all know that one of the biggest challenges facing the sensor networks lies in the lack of energy where this sensor nodes are very small as well the battery adapted has limited power also, hence the methods and techniques to rationalize energy consumption is quite important, in this research we tried to take advantage of many techniques that have been raised in other famous global Research which has a long tradition and great results in the longevity of these nodes life-time, this research focused more on the use of sensor networks in the forest fire fighting because of their devastating consequences for humans and the environment alike, our contribution or this thesis research based on finding effective solutions to prolong wireless sensor networks and sensor nodes life-time, attempting to transfer data from any node in the network to Base Station or the control center with lowest possible cost, three main mechanisms addressed in this thesis, Hybrid Compression Techniques(HCT) proposed firstly, HCT based dividing and grouping the networks nodes into sub-regions, the sensed data compressed before sending to Base Station using hybrid compression techniques for Relieving Sink node pressure. Prolonging Wireless sensor networks with node replacement secondly proposed, to achieve this we utilize Voronoi diagram and other three methods help to detect/locate dead node or lake of coverage occurrence at any exact sub-region. Wimax and Sensor Connecting(WSC) to achieve forest fire monitoring system third proposed mechanism, here the WSC attempt to achieve WSN system performance by utilizing the advantages of Wimax system such large coverage and high data rate communications etc..Hybrid Compression Techniques(HCT) is the first contribution of this research, actually Hybrid Compression Techniques is doesn’t contribute on data compression only but also addressing different mechanisms to achieve sensor nodes localization and targeted field splitting, here we list all mechanisms contained in HCT and its benefits:(ⅰ) Voronoi diagram, contribute on finding out where is the exact location of any nodes in the system also help to split the sensor field into small parts easier to control, after the process of planting or scattering these sensor nodes in the forest in randomly manner, these nodes starts to communicate with each other, applying the Voronoi diagram to divide the forest area to small shapes similar but certainly different in size and number of nodes they contain as well as the distance to the Base Station, the field splitting process based on minimum communication cost from all nodes on the exact sub-region to nearest Cluster Head(rich of energy) also according to geo-location patterns, the selected Cluster Head assumed to be at middle of sub-region,(ⅱ) Slepian-wolf theorem, based on combining and encoding data coming from any node at any sub-region when data arrive to the Cluster Head, this step called inter-region compression, the same combining process applied for the all data forwarded from all Cluster Heads on the sub-regions to the backbone Sink then to Base Station, this step called out-region compression, using such mechanism in Cluster Head node or at any Sink node can judge/predict if the data coming from all nodes at the sub-regions if fire occur at any sub-regions thus the Cluster Head node alarm a fire occurrence, on other word rather than sending all data collected from all nodes just send (fire/no fire) occur on the monitored area, deploying Slepian-wolf theorem save much more energy.(ⅲ) Condition entropy, using such mechanism alarm a promised result on removing the duplicated sensed data, on other word if two nodes monitoring the same location deploying condition entropy help to remove these amount of duplicated data, this also may caused low energy exhaustion. Compressive Data Sensing has been studied here to process and convert the sensed data on the sub-region to array, then convert this array to vector before forwarding data to sinks, Applying all these mechanism can greatly contribute on reducing energy consumption, also help on Mitigation the working load at any node select to be Cluster Head or Sink node, thus prolong Wireless Sensor Network life-time, all these work studied in detail in chapter four, more simulation applied to show how can Hybrid Compression Techniques help to improve WSN system efficiency.The second contribution of this research is Prolonging WSN Overall life-time based on node replacement, In fact finding a meaningful way to change or replace dead node with other new node is big challenge, after locating the dead node at any sub-region we propose the robot or mobile repairman regularly scheduled to replace dead node. Here HCTP use different mechanisms to detect the coverage weakness on the sensor field, great achievements obtained with HCTP rather than other techniques not only on extending life-time of these node or even to improve their performance. different methods proposed work together to detect/locate dead node on the networks:(ⅰ) Voronoi diagram, counted as one of the interested and meaningful mechanism on locating the weak/non-coverage area. Using the great Voronoi diagram can help on splitting the sensor field into small shape, by timely message generated from all nodes on the sub-regions to Cluster Head or the Base Station this message contain all information about node status and the rest of energy at any node from this message system can easily detect which sub-regions is suffering from a lack of coverage because of damage or death of these nodes covering the exact sub-region thus we can use a robot or mobile repairman to replace or to replant new fully charged nodes.(ⅱ) Cumulative reduction in area of sensing coverage due to the failed node, if any coverage reduction occurred at any node or at any backbone node which work as Sink node for any sub-region will not cause coverage reduction at its location but also will interfere the coverage or the data transmitted from other nodes thus mobile repairman will start replacing new node directly.(ⅲ) Energy increase per node, if energy consumed increased while transmitting a bit of data from any node/sink to Base Station because the link from source node to destination node was changed or the distance between source and destination longer than before, this will alert on dead node occur thus more node should be placed. The HCTP is a combination of two and more mechanisms such Node Replacement and Reclamation(NRR) and HCT, this merge can contributes on prolonging sensor system life-time and early forest-fire detections also HCTP system help on reducing mobile repairman cost since the dead nodes location already known thus the robot can easily replace new nodes.The third contribution of this research is trying to exploit the advantages of Wimax such large coverage, fast and cheap broadband access and wide variety of applications, thus we try to utilize this great ability of Wimax by serving WSN system with Wimax to work as backbone for sensor network for integrating specialized sensors sub-networks and for connecting WSN to the data processing center(WSN Base Station), all this can provide fast and quick forwarding forest monitoring result to user and forest fire monitoring center, to achieve this we propose Wimax and Sensor Connecting(WSC) system, we summaries WSC communication process in three steps:(ⅰ) Enter-nodes communication, or enter-region communication:here we apply different mechanisms such Voronoi diagram for locating and splitting sensor field into small sub-region, moreover we apply data aggregation and compression schemes to achieve system efficiency and reduce the aggregation cost while communicating from far end node in sub-regions to the Sink node which responsible for transmitting data to Wimax Gateway(GW).(ii) Sink nodes and GW communication, counted as most critical step in WSC system or main important step in WSC, we all know that Wimax based on IEEE802.16e Protocol which provide smooth communication skills with WSN, also JXTA protocol utilized to work as bridge between Wimax and WSN, thus while data successfully collected from all node at the sub-region to Cluster Head then forwarded to Sink node(Wireless sensor Peer Group) which is responsible for communicating with Wimax Gateway, the communication from Sensor Sink node to Wimax Gateway is obtained in different module:Point to Point module, Multi-point to Point module and Multi-point to Multi-point module, this step can fulfil smooth communication bridge between Wimax and WSN both.(ⅲ) Wimax GW to end user Communication, this step counted as normal communication in Wimax system, Wimax Gateway after receiving the data or Wireless Sensor field monitoring result from WSN peer group will normally transmit the received data to Wimax Base Station then to WSN Base Station or to Forest Fire Monitoring Center to take the right action while fire occurrence. With WSC system we defeat much challenges facing wireless sensor networks, the great achievement with WSC is:(i) Prolonging sensor network overall life-time, rather than sending sensed data from one sink to another in other old mechanisms here in WSC system the sensed data can directly sent from the first Sensor Sink into Wimax Gateway thus much energy can be consumed, in old mechanisms the Sink node work as backbone for WSN but with WSC no more backbone nodes needed (ⅱ) High and fast transferring and receiving data, where is in WSC the data sent from sink nodes to Wimax gateway thus no link failure occurred moreover Wimax can provide speedy and high data rate communication thus the sensed data forwarded directly to competent authorities,(ⅲ) Low Cost Infrastructure and Quick Deployment, we all know Wimax have great ability in covering large area of the forest, thus few numbers Wimax Base Station can cover the whole forest field since the Wimax Base Station can easily deployed and served all this turn in low cost and quick deployments.This thesis consist of seven chapters, the first chapter contain brief introduction about fire fighting and the impact of fire on our day life’s this chapter is quite important for better understanding the coming chapters, second chapter provide a history of Wireless Sensor networks and advantages specially on fire and other environments monitoring, the third chapter address different WSN routing protocols which is related to next chapters, in the fourth chapter we will see how can Hybrid Compression Technique (HCT) mechanism help on achieving WSN energy-efficiency and system localization and routing, also the fifth chapters address Hybrid Compression Technique Plus (HCTP) which can counted as the upgrade of HCT, simulation and results shows how can HCTP help on prolonging Wireless Sensor System overall life-time and also reduce the Mobile RepairMan (RM) working costs, the sixth chapter not only build on the other pervious mechanisms but also try to utilize the great advantages of Wimax and it different abilities, so the WiMax and Sensor Connecting mechanism(WSC) has great impact on fire monitoring system, the seventh and last chapter of this research will provide small conclusions for this PhD thesis work.