Analysis Of Urban Space Intensive Use Under The Guidance Of Rail Transit

Urban space is an interdisciplinary research object, which is the core element and material carrier of urban, and it is synthetically regional entity of natural and human elements including urban geography, economy, society and culture. For a long time, the subjects of urban planning and urban geography have paid more attention to the urban land structure and planning of regional space in the study of urban space, and those studies mainly has focused on urban physical nature and three-dimensional geographic space based on urban land. With the rapid development of global urbanization, urban expansion, urban motorization and private car ownerships have kept increasing, the problems of urban space development and urban traffic have become main bottleneck restricting modern urban development. As core development concepts like sustainable development have been reconstructed, Chinese urban development strategy has experienced a historic transformation, so the utilization method of urban space has been changed from spreading and extensive use to intensive use. Theoretical and empirical studies of rail transit and urban space use at home and aboard have shown that rail transit has played an important role in the process of urban space development evolution, and it not only is a kind of modern transportation helping residents’travel fast, safe and convenient, but has a significant function of relieving urban traffic jam, promoting urban comprehensive development and rising population capacity. Therefore, high density urban space development based on urban rail transit has already become an important trend of Metropolis’ space development and reconstructed. Looking at domestic and international researches, the characteristics of research perspective and research method are multi-level, systematic, and multidisciplinary. Theoretical and empirical perspective combined should be obeyed by in paradigm, and it discusses the influence of urban spatial patterns changes by urban traffic in the aspects of urban spatial morphology, structure and layout evolution. More existing studies are summative and descriptive, while fewer studies are comprehensive and analytical framework, which directly cause obvious local characteristics of some controlling indices in relative studies, like floor area ratio, building density and unit of economic output, therefore it still needs to make further effect to conclude universal evaluation criterion. Evolution proceeding-phase characteristics of urban traffic and space use in Chinese Metropolis are not similar with western cities’development process, so inconsistent phenomena are existed in research results. Therefore, referencing the theoretical and empirical research results of rail transit and urban space use, taking guiding effect on urban space use by rail transit as study perspective, and according to the rail transit demands of urban spatial intensive use’stage goals, make an analysis of mutual interaction between urban rail transit and urban space utilization, and analyze the influencing mechanism of urban space intensive use and its planning suggestions, and then make a discussion of optimizing strategy of urban space based on urban rail transit. This study has the certain theoretical significance of completing existing urban construction planning and management models, enriching scientific connotation of urban space utilization, developing urban construction management level.Following the study thought "problem-orientated-theoretical analysis-current situation evaluation-planning countermeasures-decision supporting", guided by the theories of urban planning, urban geography, urban traffic and urban economics, and taking interactive mechanism between urban rail transit and space intensive use as breakthrough point, construct analysis framework of interactive mechanism between urban rail transit and space intensive use based on the domestic and international theoretical and case studies. From the urban land use database, which is interpreted by hand held, of Chongqing YuZhong District’ remote sensing image in the years of1995,2000,2006and2011, make an analysis of quantity structure and spatial pattern of urban land use reflected by information entropy, balance degree, dominance index, dispersibility index and importance index based on spatial intersect analysis tool in ArcGIS9.3software. Based on the principle of residential land and commercial services land being of primary importance, separately construct evaluation index system of residential land and commercial services land intensive use to analyze the degree of YuZhong district’ residential and commercial services land intensive use and those influencing factors from the aspects of space utilization intensity, use efficiency of economic space, and service facilities supporting level at parcel scale. According to the analysis of development characteristics of urban traffic in YuZhong district of Chongqing and residents’ travel pattern, and Date Envelopment Analysis is employed to analyze the interaction between rail transit and urban space use from the aspects of the coupling degree of system integrated efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency based on the urban traffic system, which rail transit is of primary importance, and comprehensive evaluation requirements of complex multi-index system in urban space use system, and diagnose the influencing factors of system coupling, and them provide basis for improvements in the future. According to the connotation of urban space intensive use, proceeding-phase characteristics and leading indicators, following by dominant function of urban land use and social-economic development level, and combining urban renewal and reconstruction, construct target systems of residential and commercial services space intensive use in the aspects of urban space renewal upgrade and economic space carrying capacity upgrade, and then analyze the spatial pattern of urban space intensive use in different stages. Dividing YuZhong district into64traffic zone units based on traffic source produced by urban space utilization and the structure of residents travel, make a calculation of resident trips per day in traffic zone units where are directly influenced by rail transit station, and then predict the "flow" supply level of rail transit station. Through the research on matching between the demand of analysis of residents travel source in each traffic zone unit and the supply of rail transit station flow, put forward line planning layout for traffic zone units where are indirectly influenced by rail transit station based on the idea of ground-transit plus rail transit. And then provide traffic regulation strategy in panel zones of Metropolis which can be matched with urban space high density and intensive development in the following aspects:staggered shifts, the optimization of traffic flow in different times, and the transit and connection between ground-transit and rail transit. The conclusions can be summed up in the following aspects:(1) The essence of urban space intensive use is taking urban sustainable development as goal, regarding rational distribution and optimizing urban land use structure as approaches, taking high-density and three-dimensional development as measures, focusing on mutual interaction with urban traffic patterns, and increasing urban space utilization efficiency and economic benefit to achieve urban-size increased and urban space structure moderate compacted. Urban space intensive use degree is an external form of structure expression, and it has shown the characteristics of life cycle including stages of rising, growing up, booming, stabilizing and recession at spatial and temporal scale, and the urban space intensive use generally can be shown:extensive use, low intensive use, moderate intensive use, high intensive use, over intensive use and higher intensive use though urban renewal. Meanwhile, urban space use not only can make an interaction with urban rail transit, but can make mutual suppression with urban rail transit, and they can make feedback with each other. The origin of urban traffic demand is urban space intensive patterns, which can play a crucial role of traffic system. The construction and operation of urban rail transit need the support of large-scale urban traffic flow, and require urban space along the line gathering large traffic flow to offer modern services like commercial service industry, wholesale and retail trades.(2) Gradually YuZhong District’ land-use structure has been in the pattern of residential land and commercial services land being of primary importance, while road traffic land and public services land being supplementary. And the general space intensive use of living area in Da Ping Street and Liang Lukou Street has been in a high level with regional diversity, showing a pattern of spindle distribution, and the level has shown north-east and southwest area much higher than the middle area in spatial distribution, which has a spatial distribution regulation of "Pole-Axis". The space intensive use of298key commercial premises in YuZhong District are in a low level generally, but large diversity of intensive use still exists among those buildings, and it has the characteristics of heave intensity, bad economic benefit and uncompleted facilities in space development. And in spatial distribution, the intensive use level in east area is higher than the middle area; the intensive use level in middle area is higher than the west area, while the intensive use level in areas along the Jiangling River is higher than the areas along the Yangtze River.(3) The coupling degree of general efficiency (μTL) between urban rail transit system and space utilization system in Chongqing YuZhong District is high in general, and viewed from spatial distribution, the coupling degree of general efficiency in west area is higher than east area bounded by Cai Yuanba interchange to Niu Jiaotuo interchange, which has shown a district characteristic. The coupling degree of pure technical efficiency (αTL)of those two systems is perfectly coupling, and the decision unit quantity of coupling grade is about81.25percent of the total, and coupling degree of pure technical efficiency is moderate high, which shows a characteristic of spaced distribution, while the coupling degree in periphery area and developing area is not high. The coupling degree of scale efficiency (βTL) of those two systems is also moderate high, and the decision unit quantity of total coupling is about67.19percent of the total, which its coupling degree of scale efficiency is not high, and west area is higher than east area in spatial distribution, while the areas with low coupling degree are mainly distributed in surrounding areas of Liang Lukou, Jie Fangbei street, east areas of Wang Longmen street, west areas of Chao Tianmen street. The input benefit of urban rail transit traffic system is well, and can meet the traffic scale demand of urban space development, but current urban space development models cannot promote efficiency well.(4) Construct target system of space intensive use in Chongqing YuZhong district from three aspects, which are space utilization intensity, space capacity and economic benefit. In2020, it will narrow the gap of space intensive use level among east, middle and west areas of Yu Zhong district. From the aspect of space utilization intensity, the urban space utilization intensity of Jie Fangbei CBD is comparably higher, followed by Da Ping commercial areas, and the areas of Logistical Engineering University and Hong Yan village are comparably lower. From the aspect of space capacity, the commercial function zones are higher than residential function zones; from the aspect of economic benefit of urban space utilization in three commercial areas of Yu Zhong district, financial guided zones are higher than commercial guided zones, while commercial guided zones are higher than comprehensive services guided zones.(5) Make space utilization adjustment factor of each residential area from three aspects:space utilization intensity, population carrying capacity and economical benefit, and establish a model to analyze the relationship between residents’ travel and land use based on urban space intensive use, it can predict the rail traffic demand of YuZhong district will reach to804.5thousand people a day in2020. And the rail traffic net pattern will be in three lengthwise and four transverse roads. The distance between residents’ living area and rail transit station site being less than1500meters can realize global coverage of rail transit net. In2020, the passenger flows of each rail transit station sites will reach to867.8thousand people a day, and the demand and supply of rail transit of YuZhong district generally will be in an uneven state which is acceptable. From the "source and flow" matching of rail transit station sites, the supply of rail transit station sites of most rail transit station sites is a little more than demand, being an uneven state which is acceptable. The supply of rail transit station sites in LingJiangmen station, JiaoChangkou station, QiXinggang station, where are in the east of YuZhong district, and ShiYou road station, where is in the west of YuZhong district, cannot meet the demand of rail transit station sites, while the demand of rail transit station sites XiaoShizi station, LiangLukou station, DaPing station obvious more than the supply of rail transit station sites. According to demand-supply uneven situation of some rail transit in YuZhong district, nine fast ground lines will be planned between rail transit station, where sites are abundant, and rail transit station, where sites are insufficient, and it will guide passage flows from insufficient sites of rail transit station to abundant sites of rail transit station, and finally realize the most intensive use of rail transit capacity. Meanwhile, construct rail transit traffic control strategy to promote urban space intensive use from the following aspects:the joint development models of urban space and rail transit, the transference path of urban public traffic system, and residents travel in different time.Above all, this paper has discussed the evaluation method and periodical target system of current urban space intensive use of residential and commercial services zones in Metropolis’ panel zone, and further enriched the connotation of urban space intensive use and its evaluation index system from the aspects of utilization intensity of spatial development, use efficiency of economic space, and service facilities supporting level among three dimensions of over-ground, ground, and underground. According to the feedback relationship between urban space utilization and urban rail transit and the essence of urban space intensive use and its life cycle, this paper constructs analysis framework of interactive mechanism between urban rail transit and urban space intensive use, which can provide visual angle of research for urban space intensive use research. And it proposes an analysis path of urban space intensive use under the guidance of urban rail transit, following the study thought "problem-orientated-theoretical analysis-current situation evaluation-planning countermeasures-decision support", which can provide new study thought of urban public traffic system and urban space development integrated. At the same time, because dynamic progress between urban space intensive use system and urban rail transit system is complex, it need to accurately quantitative describe the relationships between them, and construct dynamic simulation models, and then analyze the evolution phase of different urban rail transit and urban space intensive use at temporal and spatial scales, finally it would put forward to measures, which are maneuverable and duplicated, to promote urban space intensive use.