Planning And Design Of Green Infrastructure Based On Landscape Service

Ecosystem service has been a hot area of research in recent years as it is an effective way of strengthening the connections between ecosystem and human well-being. However, it is still a big challenge to quantify ecosystem service from a landscape perspective, to make a trade-off among different landscape services, and to manage green infrastructure in a limited land for improving human well-being. This study identified different landscape types and their thresholds of landscape change in the study area of Haidian District in Beijing. Landscape service supply and demand were quantitatively mapped, and relationships among different landscape services and their spatial distribution were also studied. We explored a new method of green infrastructure planning and design based on landscape service, and applied the method into land consolidation planning. Finally, a guide of green infrastructure construction was proposed to provide a quantitative reference for sustainable development management and decision-making.(1) This study identified5landscape types, including urban landscape, rural landscape, mountain woodlands, recreation landscape and agricultural and forest landscape, through an overlay and cluster analysis of landscape elements based on high resolution remote sensing and field investigation. Urban landscape, rural landscape as well as agricultural and forest landscape were the main landscapes of Haidian, which area were almost the same and all is over1/5of the whole area of Haidian. Western mountainous area and other parks, such as Summer Palace and Purple Bamboo, had high landscape significance, tolerance, resilience and condition. These landscapes are irreplaceable landscape marks, and they should be positively managed and protected. Rural areas in the northern and peri-urban area in the middle have a small contribution of reflecting the unique characteristics of the whole district. Landscape trends in the western piedmont ecotone were high, which means that landscape regime and attributes should be pay much attention when they are managed.(2) Thresholds of landscape change were identified as well as relationships between thresholds and social-economic variables. The results showed that, threshold of mountain woodland mainly composed by forest and public green space was between46%and52%. Threshold of urban landscape mainly composed by non-green infrastructure and public green space was between43%and60%. Threshold of rural landscape mainly composed by non-green infrastructure and forest was between45%and60%. Threshold of recreation landscapes mainly composed by public green space, forest and non-green infrastructure was between49%and62%. Threshold of agricultural and forest landscape was between37%and50%. Green infrastructure could be greatly affected by a small proportion of social-economic change, which was different in individual towns and the whole district. On the whole, environment management, education, catering and accommodation had a positive relation to green infrastructure development, while population, retinal, science&technology and social organizations had a negative relation to green infrastructure development.(3) The analysis results of supply and demand of different landscape services showed that food production provided in most of the area doesn’t meet local residents’demand, especially in southern and east-central area where PM2.s retention, habitat and scenery services were also inadequate. Residents in Sujiatuo and Shangzhuang town had a high demand for local food, while residents in middle and southern did not rely on local food. Almost all people shared an identical idea of the demand of PM2.5retention service improvement. Residents in northern were more sensitive than southern, especially residents near the reservoir area of Shangzhuang. Residents had a similar qualitative and quantitative demand of scenery service for rural and urban green infrastructure, except for parks and beauty spots, such as Summer Palace, Winter Palace and Xiangshan Park.(4) Relationships between different landscape services and their spatial characteristics were also identified. The results showed that there existed positive correlations between PM2.5retention, habitat and scenery services, which changed along with the distance to residence to residents buildings rather than to the city center. Synergistic effects among the above three landscape services would be fading away with the increasing distance to residents’ buildings when the distance was shorter than2.5km, while these synergistic effects could be enhanced with the increasing distance to residents’ buildings when the distance was farther than2.5km. Correlation relationships between food production and other three landscape services will be transformed from synergistic effects to competing effects with the increasing distance to city center as well as to residents’ buildings when distance was shorter than2km. Food production had sustainable positive relationships with other three services within the range of14-16km to city center, while it has no correlation relationships when distance to residents’ building was farther than2km.(5) This study planned and designed different characteristic protected area, improvement area and construction area of green infrastructure based on landscape service supply and demand maps and different relationships between landscape services.1772.02hm2green infrastructure needed to be constructed which only occupied4.11%of the whole district area to meet the human well-being demand of most local people according to green infrastructure planning of Haidian. Combining green infrastructure planning into land consolidation planning could match landscape service to different spatial area, which could promote harmonious development between social and economic, ecosystem and environment as well as human well-being. Green infrastructure design based on landscape service highlighted the importance of ecosystem characteristic and human well-being demand, which could not only provide the quantitative goal and objective but also guide landscape design during the whole design process.(6) This study summarized several principles and method steps of green infrastructure construction based on above theoretical research, which intended to provide simple guide for sustainable landscape management.