A Study Onthe British Explorations In The China Xinjiang (from Mid Nineteenth Century To Mid Twentieth Century)

Since the middle of the nineteenth Century, turf rivalry between Britain and Russia in Central Asia is becoming increasingly fierce, the final expansion focused to Xinjiang. Russia early in 1864 to 1868, after the conquest of Bukhara and Kokand in Central Asia and directly be classified as the Russian territory, then the aggression directed against Xinjiang. The British after realizing the rule of India firm, the British colonialists started expansion to the north of India:by 1879 "the second Anglo Afghan war", the British forced Afghanistan signed "Ganda Mark treaty", resulting in Afghanistan lost military and diplomatic power, and thus became a British protectorate; Then and the use of Kashmir internal contradictions, control the Ladakh region of Kashmir, then into the control range of British India;At the end of 1891, the British for the Pamirs, excuse Kangiant bank cooperation and infighting, sent troops to occupy Kangiant dike. The merger and cut accounted for regional composition so-called "British India’s northern frontier". Subsequently, the British in British India the north of the border as the base, trying to make their power extended to China Xinjiang.Thus, this period of history of Xinjiang is placed in the Anglo Russian forces surrounded, the two sides have since launched in Xinjiang’s long-term direct competition and competition.In order to fight for the interests in Xinjiang, Britain and Russia attempt to open the back door of China, colonial penetration, such as opening the trade routes, to seize the market, exploration of resources, to compete exploration in Xinjiang. From mid nineteenth Century to mid twentieth Century, exactly inspects each field in the world, be just unfolding scientific exploration activities. Then by the explorers called "unknown world" of Xinjiang, rich in content and resources in commercial trade, geography, geology, archaeology, sociology and ethnology etc, has produced enormous appeal to British explorers and scholars. In this way, a large number of British government officials, businessmen, missionaries, explorers, scholars until the Xinjiang exploration, the exploration time has lasted for nearly a centry.Based on the previous research, the original data were collected widely modern British exploration activities, in connection with the historical background, a comprehensive combing modern British in the basic facts of Xinjiang exploration activities, from several commercial trade, geography, archaeology and social aspects of system exploration, elaborates the modern British people in Xinjiang exploration activities, background, motivation and purpose of exploration activities, narrative exploration activities through process analysis and exploration results, activity, role and impact, fully show the picture of the British in Xinjiang exploration activities, and reveal the probe to search information survey and historical value.Based on the above ideas, this paper is divided into five chapters to discuss the modern British people exploration activities in Xinjiang:The first chapter "The origin of British exploration activities in China Xinjiang, mainly discusses the exploration activities in the history background, start time, the basic situation and characteristics. Historical events are occurring in the special historical environment, modern Britain who is the same in Xinjiang exploration activities, in the expansion of capitalism, Xinjiang is pushed to the frontier of western expansion, the British exploration activity in Xinjiang has become the historical necessity. I think As the modern British people exploration activity in Xinjiang is occurring in the special historical conditions, turf, seek business trade interests, geography and natural resources exploration and scientific investigation is the main reason to exploration activities. Exploration activity has continued for a long time, number, large scale, wide field and other features.The second chapter "The British commercial trade exploration activities in China Xinjiang ", first introduces basic facts of modern British people exploration activitiesin the trade in the China Xinjiang, and then discusses and analyses the problem of general view of British explorer, Xinjiang trade and commercial trade exploration activities for Xinjiang as a result of the influence. Access to commercial interests, the main content of the commercial trade investigation is the the most basic power of British Xinjiang exploration. Some British people through the exploration that Xinjiang is rich in resources, trade with the huge development potential, inoculation with unlimited business opportunities. But there are also part of the British people take a negative attitude, think Xinjiang people poorer social economic development, lack of capital and advanced technology, coupled with complicated natural conditions, traffic inconvenience, Xinjiang could not become the vast market of foreign goods. Anyway, for this problem, there are conflicting opinions.The third chapter "The British geographical exploration activities in China Xinjiang ", briefly discussed the first of Xinjiang geographical environment and exploration activity relationship problems, and then a more detailed description of the various stages and process of geographical exploration activities. The nature and impact of the final on geographical exploration activities are analyzed. From that of modern British explorers are so attention to China Xinjiang geographical exploration, partly, alpine desert region like Xinjiang Asia heart deep inland, the western geography circles is still an "unknown", on the other hand, is mainly to the colonial expansion of Britain and the service, with a strong the colonial color. Therefore, the British explorer, geographer to study this area as its key emphasis in work.The fourth chapter "The British archaeological exploration activities in China Xinjiang", first discusses the "Xinjiang archaeological exploration heat of the early twentieth Century". Main show is in English, German, France and Japan, United States, Sweden and other countries produced by archaeologists ancient cultural perspective on "the development of Xinjiang’s interest. Subsequently, the so-called "archaeologists" almost every year in Xinjiang to carry out archaeological excavations, such as the Swedish, Britain, German, Japanese, Stein one of the archaeological survey of Xinjiang is the most typical. In this paper, from different angles, archaeological exploration and study of the Stein in Xinjiang for the stage and the course of the study, focuses on him in Hetian, Ruoqiang, Hami, Kuche and Turpan to carry out archaeological exploration activities, also to Stein about the Xinjiang archaeological research results and academic career are described, finally objective evaluation of his archaeological expeditions.Chapter five "The British social exploration activities in China Xinjiang", mainly studies the modern British social phenomenon in Xinjiang every city and street of exploration and description, carries on the brief elaboration to the dress, they recorded the dining way, travel tools, living conditions, and architectural styles.The conclusion part, mainly introduces the overall situation of exploration data, analyzes the exploration data of historical value. The author thinks that the exploration data related to local politics, and various social problems, commercial trade, geography, archaeology and the military, ethnic, folk, urban construction, ecological environment, climate and other aspects, has a high historical value. Finally, for the British characteristics, in China’s Xinjiang Scout activities affect the nature and has carried on the summary and analysis.In short, modern British exploration activities in China Xinjiang, occupies an important place in the modern history of Xinjiang. Therefore, to review, summarize the modern British people in Xinjiang exploration activity is very necessary and meaningful, that is through the study of commercial exploration activities, geographic exploration, archaeological exploration activities, social activities and activities of exploration of national exploration activities and other aspects, tries to objectively show the historical picture of British exploration in China Xinjiang.