The Research Of Diplomatic Operation In Song Dynasty

The land within the boundary of Song Dynasty is the space where the government of Song Dynasty takes diplomatic operation. Inside and outside of the border appear different political behaviors. The cross-border behavior may course diplomatic frictions or even wars between the two countries. In the Chan Yuan Alliance, emperor Zhen zong clearly requires the credentials to avoid the appeal of Liao Dynasty about the south of Guan space(the decision is credentialed), delivering the view of Song Dynasty’s envoys(unofficial and informal means) and this is a mistake behavior because it buries the foreshadowing for Liao Dynasty takes out this space again in Ren zong Dynasty. The maximum instruction of Zhen zong about the discussion and the discussion and the discussed land between the two countries is to banned cede the land, to giving money to Liao Dynasty. And at last, both sides reach the monetary diplomacy Chan Yuan Alliance. The existing of "forbidden area","area belonged to both sides" of the two countries also makes the clear boundaries become blurred. About the border issue between the two countries, Liao Dynasty as the active party, holds the negotiate operation of Song Dynasty. Both sides are not stick to the pledge and Liao Dynasty gets a lot of land from Song Dynasty according the boundary reached by the Chan Yuan Alliance as the benchmark. Song Dynasty has the river in boundary, but because the attitudes of frontier minister are not uniform (week or strong to Liao Dynasty).It results many disputes in the river for fishing, traveling salt and patrolling horses across the river.In Jing De Treaty between Song Dynasty and Xia Dynasty,Song Dynasty takes the initiative, but because Western Xia doesn’t listen to "the seven things" required by Song Dynasty, Song Dynasty has to give up one by one, only leaving the submit vows. As we all know, the Shao Xing peace discussion by Song Dnasty and Jin Dynasty conclude the provisionthe boundary which follow the middle course of Huai River and Tang State is cut out from Song Dynasty to Jin Dynasty and bounded in southeast and south of Deng State while in clued forty Li wide. But Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty do not totally obey their commitment in fact. Actually, Song gets more land than commitment, while is bounded by the middle course of Huai River in the area down the Huai River of Tang State and Guang Hua Army keep the original boundary and doesn’t execute the new forty Li boundary. Except the literary inscription, Shao Xing peace discussion also involve the boundary of Shan Xi region Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty allow their boundary in Shan Xi could be discussed and make out the meeting time. Before the meeting time, Liu Yu and Wu Jie who once owe the land of Shan Xi could still have their land and this become the boundary of the boundary of the two countries. The process for this discussion is intricate. At last, for a long time and intricate conference, the boundary of Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty make a deal and implement for the new boundary and Song Dynasty gets the more land than the peace talk.Song Dynasty develop a tribute act, with four treaties involving the enter a country operation. One of them clearly, put forward the entry permit needed the emperor agree to firstly. Before the entry of foreign envoys, there is still operations’of require putted by the foreign envoys. If the require to pay tribute is approved, the foreign envoys could be send into or they will be refused. There are three results to the require operation permission, no entry or both sides comprise (persons and tributes are separated).The certificate that the government of Song Dynasty make sure the identify of the foreign envoys is Biao Zhang, which is carried by the foreign envoys to determined them come into or not. The border states and Road Area take the responsibility to test weather the envoys have the Biao Zhang or not, and then send the relevant information to the government. The process that the foreign envoys carrying Biao Zhang to come into Song Dynasty is as follows:the active delivery Biao Zhang (or foreign envoys send person to do)——accepted Biao Zhang by boundary agency of Song Dynasty——review——memorialized to government for listen to——approved by government——Biao Zhang is send from the border agency to the foreign envoys——the foreign envoys get the permit to come into. It appears on the condition that the foreign envoys have the Biao Zhang, tribute and content the tribute period. According the existing recording, the early period in Song Dynasty has no question in the tribute period. Until Zhen zong Dynasty the tribute date become the topic that diplomatic/foreign operation. In the first year of Tian Xian, Song Dynasty punish Fu shui Man(a undeveloped group) in military,Fu shui Man "from then on, they have tribute each other year and isn’t the trouble on the frontier". This is also the earliest recording founding by author about the period.The fifth year of Da Zhong Xiang Fu in Zhen zong Dynasty, the diplomatic corps are divided to "two kinds of to pay tribute","refuse to tribute". The number of the foreign envoys of sea countries is limited in the years of Da Zhong Xiang Fu. The most number is twenty-three in countries like Da Shi、Zhu Nian、Three For Qi、Zhe Po and so on. The countries like Zhang Cheng、Dan Liu Mei、Bo Ni and Gu Mo Jia has thirteen at the most. The record about the enter a country for the foreign envoys appears in Zhen zong Dynasty. The third year of Jin De(1006), the government of Song Dynasty send the edict:the states in border can’t receive the memorial sift dispatch from Xia States, and command this pay to Yan States, and if it sends envoys, it can’t be come into from other but Yan Zhou. And the envoys of Xia Dynasty are limited to come into from Yan State.During Southern Song Dynasty, the statement that the envoys don’t come into/tribute is different from the Northern Song Dynasty at two aspects about enter a country operation of tribute. One is how to deal with the tribute after they pay them to boundary states. The other is about ratio that the tribute to be received.The most important faculty of the foreign Biao Zhang is on the faculty about itself, except it can be extract information and understanding about the relationship between the Song Dynasty and other countries. The foreign Biao Zhang could be used to be certificate to test the identity of foreign envoys, also it has the faculty to content/convey requires of diplomacy. This is the most formal measures to the proposal from the foreign countries under the model of tribute.Looking from the early days of Southern Dynasty, Song Dynasty just sent ambassadors with sweet words and lavish gifts for getting peace, and send envoys to the Western Xia Dynasty and for seeking support and help. Except the above three countries, Song Gao zong takes no interest in other countries. There are three peace discussions between Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. From the existing delivery documents, we know that there are clear different between Song Gao zong Dynasty and Xiao zong Dynasty and other flowing Dynasties, more humble to Jin Dynasty, even not any hostility. The topic of tributary diplomacy is not "to pay tribute ", but "to refuse tribute". It’s a difficult thing for the envoys to enter the capital. Twenty-fifth of Shao Xing and twenty-sixth of Shao Xing, it is up to the peak period of the diplomacy of Southern Song Dynasty. The investigating reason for this is Qin Kuai changes the attitude to the tributary diplomacy and promotes the diplomacy in border to the capital. In the twenty-seventh of Shao Xing, the capital diplomacy declares be broken up again. Emperor Xiao zong is promulgated throne and declares the decree which banned the admission of foreign tribute, and then extremely less chances for envoys enter the capital.The Song Dynasty sets the other of Fan Guo(foreign countries) thus forming an order for these countries. The order emphasize that the order is a work order in the system of the government (to classified the tribute countries and set the corresponding treatment and etiquette reception), and may be not consistent to the international order. The order takes Song Dynasty as the center, which has the right to make a decision. The order about foreign countries in Song Dynasty is different from the hierarchy and the corresponding rank of "Fan Wang" in Tang Dynasty. It’s just based on the understanding of the foreign-countries and form a different order. The used of relevant literature only limited on the excerpt from the files of diplomatic history, but pay no attention to the literature compilation existing the foreign countries and the problem about order. After inspecting, the recording that really reflect the order of foreign countries in Song Dynasty does not common seen. Such as the book of Rite, Tai Chang Yin Ge Li、Zhenghe Five Li Xin Yi、Book of Rites ofZhong xing, these also reflects the order of foreign countries roughly. Others such as History of Song Dynasty、Song Huayao Ji Gao and numerous private writings, they has the strong arbitrariness when recording the foreign countries and can’t take these documents about the order as basis to conclude that the order foreign countries in Song Dynasty. Though combing the relevant documents, it could be found how is recording about the order and foreign countries, also which countries and when is focused on.