The Word Order Type Of Chinese Altai Language Family

It is comprehensively analyzed to word order types and characteristics of Altaic by utilizing the relevant theory of linguistic typology and combining with the structural characteristics of Altaic in this paper. The research to Altaic lastly is mainly concentrated on three aspects:It has been explored to the kinship between the language group and the kinship between each language in language group of Altaic by utilizing the historic linguistic theories, and it has been analyzed to the structural features of each language by utilizing the theory of structural linguistics, and it has been compared to the each language group, each language of every languag group and each language between language group by utilizing the theory of comparative linguistics. It will be analyzed thoroughly to the structure and characteristics of Altaic word order from the point of view of word order typology on the basis of existing of research results, and explained to the structural characteristics by utilizing the theories of descriptive linguistics, cognitive linguistics and language typology.We will determine the research ideas and select the typological parameters firstly in the study of word order. We won’t consider the boundaries between the language groups and comprehensively analyze the word order typology and characteristics of Altaic languages according to the method of layer-from-layer classification and the order of morphology, word, phrase and sentence. When the typological parameters are selected, it will be determined according to the characteristics of Altaic language family and the theories of word order typology.Altaic is the agglutinative language in morphological type, and SOV language in word order type.Altaic is suffix language and the modifiers of its noun, verb are in the front of the noun and verb, the additional component of its noun and verb are behind the noun and verb, and its postposition is also behind the noun and verb. Hence,the distribution of word order has two directions in the SOV word order of Altaic, that is, modifiers are in the front of heads, and additional components are behind the heads, and the structures of nouns and verbs both are "modifier+head+additional components"Besides the section of introduction and conclution, the paper is divided into six chapters. In the introduction, the basic characteristics of object of study, the significance and difficulty of study, research ideas and corpus source are presented.The first chapter is research overview. Firstly, the research profile of foreign word order typology is summarized, and the common several principles of word order typology are briefly introduced. Secondly, the research profile of domestic Chinese-Tibetan word order type and the word order research of Altaic are briefly introduced. There are many research results of word order type on Sino-Tibetan and the research characteristic is very obvious. While the research results of Altaic word order type are few.The second chapter is the study of word order type of the noun additional ingredients. The word order type of additional ingredients of noun plural, case and person possession is analyzed in the chapter. Noun additional ingredients are divided into two types:internal morphology and external morphology according to the characteristics of word order and semantics of each additional ingredient. The additional ingredients of noun plural and person possession are internal morphology, and the additional ingredients of case are external morphology. Noun additional ingredients not only can be used alone behind the noun, but also can be used together behind the noun.The third chapter is the study of word order type of the verb additional ingredients. The morphological change of Altaic verb includes time, aspect, voice, mood, person and negation. The additional ingredients of verb either appear behind the verb alone, and also appear behind the verb with two or more additional ingredients, and there is fixed order when they are used together.The fourth chapter is the research of word order about word. The chapter focuses on the word order type and characteristics of postposition and interrogative pronouns. Altaic is postposition language and the postposition can be commonly found in various languages of Altaic. The postposition both appear behind the noun, can also appear behind the verb. The postposition structures formed with the noun may not be marked, may also be marked. The postposition structures formed with the verb all are marked.The fifth chapter is the research of word order of the phrase. It is mainly analyzed to the word order and characteristic of noun phrase, verb phrase and adjective phrase in the chapter. The modifiers of noun have subjective and objective distinctions. The more close the modifier is from the noun, the stronger the objective is; the more far the modifier is from the noun, the stronger the subjective is. The modifiers of verb are divided into two types:that is, the modifiers before the verb is adverbial component and the modifiers behind the verb is auxiliary verb. The two kinds of modifiers have their own characteristics. It is mainly analyzed to the degree adverb and negative word. The degree adverb is before the adjective and the negative word is behind the adjective.The sixth chapter is the study of word order type of the sentence. It is analyzed to three kinds of sentence patterns, that is, SOV and OS V and OVS, two kinds of sentence styles, that is, double transitive sentence and comparative sentence. Among the SOV, OSV and OVS sentence pattern, SOV can have no accusative marker, so that it is unmarked sentence pattern and it is Altaic basic sentence pattern. Altaic comparative sentence has two kinds of word order:comparative item is before the compared item and comparative item is after the compared item in the comparative sentence. Whether it is the first word order or the second one, there are two points which are constant:comparative marker is always behind the compared item and comparative result is always at the end of sentence. The word order of Altaic double transitive sentence is relatively flexible and its subject can appear in the front of sentence, in the middle of sentence, and the subject can appear at the end of sentence in Turkic some languages. Direct object can appear before indirect object, and indirect object can appear before the direct object. In contrast, the accusative marker can be not used when the direct object is behind the indirect object. Hence the double transitive sentence in which the direct object is behind the indirect object is more common double transitive sentence.The conclution is made in the end of the paper. Altaic basic word order is SOV. The construct of predicate verb is"external semantic ingredient+verb+internal semantic ingredient", of which external semantic ingredient is static, internal semantic ingredient is dynamic. Hence the predicate construct is balanceable. The construct and semantic of sentence is also balanceable.